Pathloss

tems Investigation 12 (Service Control)

2011-06-01T16:06:00.000+09:30

tems Investigation 12 (Connecting Equipment)

2011-06-01T15:58:00.000+09:30

tems Investigation 12 (User Interface)

2011-06-01T09:50:00.000+09:30

Tems Investigation 12 (Software Installation)

2011-06-01T09:43:00.000+09:30

Tems Investigation 12 (introduction)

2011-06-01T09:36:00.002+09:30

Pathloss 5 - Import links from text file

2011-01-26T11:18:00.000+09:30

Step 1 - Open text (CSV) file

Click View - Site List to bring up the Site index. You can also click the Site list button on the toolbar.

Click Import - Site text file

A file open dialog box will appear. Select the text file you would like to import and click Open

Step 2 - Select text file type

This is a comma delimited file with column headers. Select Delimited and because we do not want to import the column names, set Start import at line to 2.

Step 3 - Select delimiter

Click the Next button. Make sure that the delimiter is set to Comma and click the Next button.

Step 4 - Assign column names

Click on a column to select it, for each column you need to:

Select the appropriate data category and then select the column name to assign.

Note: It may be useful to leave the "Start import at line" from the second step above at 1. This will make assigning the column headers much easier. One the assignments are complete you can click the

Set the location (Site 1 or Site 2) and click Assign to column

Once all columns have been assigned, you can save these import definitions in a file. This file should be included with the text(csv) file when sending to other users.

Step 5 - Verify coordinate and group settings

For this example we need to set the Longitude to +East. Normally the Eastern hemisphere is positive and the Western is negative. Depending on the source of your coordinates you may need to change the hemisphere you are in to positive. The same applies to Latitudes and whether they are in the North or South hemisphere.

At this point you can also specify the group you would like the sites to appear in, or you can also create a new group to add the sites to. For more of groups see Pathloss 5 - Using groups

Click Finish to import the sites into your site list.

Pathloss 5 :Import sites from text file

2011-01-20T20:27:00.000+09:30

This is a step by step procedure for importing site text files. Usually the site text files are delimited with commas or tabs, but they can also be fixed width. Pathloss 5 is flexible enough to read either.

Example link text file in CSV format:

Site name,Call sign,Latitude,Longitude

Woking,CHW613,55.47972222,-118.74722222

Fairview,CHW614,55.83722222,-118.59666667

Contents [hide]

1 Step 1 - Open text (CSV) file

2 Step 2 - Select text file type

3 Step 3 - Select delimiter

4 Step 4 - Assign column names

5 Step 5 - Verify coordinate and group settings

Step 1 - Open text (CSV) file

Click View - Site List to bring up the Site index. You can also click the Site list button on the toolbar.

Click Import - Site text file

A file open dialog box will appear. Select the text file you would like to import and click Open

Step 2 - Select text file type

This is a comma delimited file with column headers. Select Delimited and because we do not want to import the column names, set Start import at line to 2.

Step 3 - Select delimiter

Click the Next button. Make sure that the delimiter is set to Comma and click the Next button.

Step 4 - Assign column names

Hi-lite each column and while it is hi-lited, select the appropriate column name from the list on the right.

Step 5 - Verify coordinate and group settings

For this example we need to set the Longitude to +East. Normally the Eastern hemisphere is positive and the Western is negative. Depending on the source of your coordinates you may need to change the hemisphere you are in to positive. The same applies to Latitudes and whether they are in the North or South hemisphere.

At this point you can also specify the group you would like the sites to appear in, or you can also create a new group to add the sites to. For more of groups see Pathloss 5 - Using groups

Click Finish to import the sites into your site list.

Pathloss 4.0 Frequently ask

2011-01-20T12:01:00.000+09:30

11. ) SUBJECT : 10 m DEM

Question :

Where do I find 30 and 10 meter USGS DEM sources that are compatible with Pathloss? (1:24000 scale 7.5 minute sources).

I have looked at the USGS web site and everything is using SDTS DEM which are tar'd and gnuzip'd (xxxxxxx.DEM.SDTS.TAR.GZ). These files, when extracted become .ddf files and these are not compatible with PathLoss. The USGS explains that the previous DEM files had coordinate adjustment errors so I don't want to look at old DEM files.

Answer :

Try www.micropath.com

If you haven't found this already, you need to get this nifty little utility.

SDTS2DEM.exe

First you use WinZip to extract all the .ddf files from the xxxxx.tar.gz file,

then you run the SDTS2DEM.exe program (under DOS) to convert it to a xxxx.dem

file. Then, you can go in to the PathLoss Database menu system and do an

ASCII to Binary conversion on the DEM file that you just created. It will convert it

into a file format that it can use - probably a .dta file.

Works on the 10meter files, but I've had no luck with the 30meter files. But, I'm

using Ver 3.0 of PathLoss, not 4.0.

I get all my SDTS files from GISDataDepot

http://www.gisdatadepot.com/catalog/US/sublist.html

12. ) SUBJECT : HYBRID DIVERSITY

Question:

In Pathloss 4, antenna configuration:TR-TRTH or TRTH-TR is defined as for a hybrid diversity configuration which uses frequency diversity in both directions and space diversity at one end of the path only.

In ITU P.530-8 the FD+SD diversity is specified for 2 receivers and 4 receivers separately in calculating outage probability. I used the above antenna configuration for 2 receivers, but I couldn't find any calculation for 4 receivers in Pathloss.

I'll appreciate if anybody can help me with this. Thanks.

Answer :

The configuration you describe is Quad Diversity. Antenna configurations should be TXRX-TXRX and configured with nominal SD. In the Worksheets module select Operations Diversity Calculation and specify the frequency diversity difference.

The resulted Worksheet Report will provide the effective receive level and reliability for Quad Diversity for each receiver.

Tank you very much for the reply. As a matter of fact, I had tried to use TRDR-TRDR configuration and specify the FD spacing for calculation before I posted the question in the Forum.

Unfortunately, the calculation result was not much different from that of 2-receiver. Moreover, it did not match the hand calculation that I did on the Excel worksheet according to ITU P.530-8 recommendation, either. Any idea?

If you check the help under antenna configurations it will show TXRX-TXRX as two antennas at each site both transmitting and receiving. Most Quad configurations that I have come across transmit one frequency on each antenna with two receivers, one on each receive frequency.

TRDR-TRDR is normally used for space diversity, Where the second antenna is receive only.

Hope this helps. Try it again with TX-RX and see if the results are more in line with your spread sheet.

Pathloss 4.0 Frequently ask

2011-01-20T11:59:00.000+09:30

9. ) SUBJECT : ANTENNA POLARIZATION RATIO

Question :

On the manual books refered to interference chapter said that " the ratio of horizontal and vertical polarized signals is unknow. And all data are on those links that are analysed.

Answer:

the paragraph that you mention introduce the details of the below calculations.

Effectively the transmit antenna is not perfect and radiates the expected signal on one polar and also some energy on the alternate polarisation; let's say:

Expected signal is V polar; then the alternate radiated signal is H polar of which the power ratio is given by the VH curve

Similarly the receive antenna will also capture some H polar signal to the V port with the HV gain curve

Consequently, it is relevant to calculate the different combinations between interferer and interfered signal from both Transmit and Receive antenna and to select the minimum antenna cross-polar decoupling gain in order to evaluate the interfered received signal

Obviously, this is a worst case calculation because antenna manufacturer indicates antenna mask performance and a particular interferer captured on the corresponding azimuth and site angle will very often be received lower than calculated

But it is the standard method that should be applied to perform interference calculation

10. ) SUBJECT : VIGRANTS BARNETT CLIMATIC FACTOR (cf) & ITU-R RELIABILITY METHOD

Question:

What is the best way to determine the climatic factor (cf) in the Barnett & Vigants reliability formula? Not the C Factor!

Standard values seem to vary from 0.5 to 1 and 2.

How can we determine the exact value depending on the climatic conditions of a specific area?

I am especially looking for many areas in the province of Quebec in Canada.

Where can I find a climatic factor map?

Answer:

Maybe maps for the climatic factor cf do not exist (are not published). Then use instead the C factor with associated maps. The C factor is also by definition equal to cf for average terrain rouhness S = 15.2m

For a more detailed calculation you can use one of the newer ITU-R P.530 reliability methods. These are applicable worldwide

Thanks a lot Lars for your reply and your suggestion about the climatic factor for reliability calculation.

I only began to compare the ITU-530 methods with the Barnett & Vigants method.

Which method is the more reliable after you? 530-6 or 530-7/8 or the newest 530-9 ?

I get similar results when the path inclination is near 0 mr, but I get very different results when the path inclination is about 10 mr. What do you think about this?

Thanks a lot for your collaboration

ITU made a lot of changements over the last years for the recommendation P530. Therefore, if you are sure what kind of parameter set for the Barnett&Vigants is correct for your area you can choose this model.

If you have no idea the P530-9 recommendation gives a detailed model where you only need the data provided by ITU and the GTopo30 DTM from USGS to get the right parameters. You do not have to look anywhere else. This model seems to be proved with hundreds of hops all over the world. Nevertheless there will be a new recommendation P530-10 soon. Let's see what will be new this time.

Rejean, here is my comments to the three ITU-R P.530 reliability methods implemented in PL4.

P.530-6(detailed planning)uses an average grazing angle which for many(most) paths is ambiguous or even meaningless.

P.530-7/8 does away with this average grazing angle. Instead many link classes are introduced, which makes it somewhat cumbersome, especially for coastal links.

P.530-9/10 (detailed link design)uses a terrain database (GTopo30) and the refractivity gradient data are incorporated in PL4. This makes the method convenient in use, but the method itself and/or the PL4 implementation may be unreliable (see the thread in this user forum initiated on Sep.13, 2002 by AK).

At present I regard P.530-7/8 to be the most reliable method.

Thanks a lot Mike for your reply.

I will use both methods (Barnett & Vigants as well as ITU 530-9) and compare them on each link. Then I will probably be able to take a better decision.

Thanks for your comments about each ITU method.

The main point I am wondering about is why the path inclination has such an effect on the reliability result?

ITU 530-6 and 530-7/8 are the only two methods using this parameter.

I get 99.9999% compared to 99.999% if the path inclination is respectively 10 mr instead of about 1 mr. Is it the reality?

In general a high low path is more reliable than a path without any inclination. The reason for this is the less high probability for multipath with a certain inclination.

Pathloss 4.0 Frequently ask

2011-01-20T11:56:00.000+09:30

7. ) SUBJECT : BEST POLARIZATION OVER THE WATER

Question :

Regarding with the best polarization in microwave links over sea water; I’ve learn is Horizontal don’t remember though. Can somebody send me theory documentation about that?.

Anwer:

This is news to me. In link design over water the major issue is Reflections since water is a plane reflector. For Frequencies below 10Ghz Polarization is considered only for frequency planning purposes. Polarization is usually an issue in links at frequencies above 10Ghz. Horizontal stretcxhing of rain drops usually make the horizontal polarizated signal get slightly more attenuated than vertical

The underlying principle is that a wave travelling over a surface has currents absorbed by the surface.

A horizontally polarised wave has more ground absorbtion than a vertically polarised wave.

A vertically polarised wave over water has more absobtion than a horizontally polarised wave

The issue here is conductivity of the surface. The more conductive the ground is, the stronger the reflection will be (and therefore cause more multipath problems).

Reflections from sea are thus more critical than reflections from terrain with vegetation.By selecting vertical polarization for over-the-water links, you can achieve 2-17 dB reduction in surface relection in comparison with horizontal polarization.

"conductive - having the quality or power of conducting heat or electricity or sound; exhibiting conductivity"

A vertically polarised wave over water has more absobtion (less reflections) than a horizontally polarised wave. A conductive surface will absorb a wave, not reflect it. Hence a vertically polarised wave will have less reflections.

Bottom line - verticle over water

your statement: “A conductive surface will absorb a wave, not reflect it” is contradictory to any known electromagnetic wave propagation theory. I will try to illustrate my point without getting into beautiful Maxwell’s equations, Faraday’s equations and other fun things.

Generally speaking, for a plane electromagnetic wavefront (EI)incident on a plane boundary between two different dielectric media having different refractive indices (n1 and n2), part of the energy (ET) will penetrate the second dielectric (refraction) and part of it (ER) will be reflected back (reflection).

ER = EI x (n1-n2)/(n1+n2) ET = 2EI/(n1+n2)

Consider a plane wave falling normally on a flat metallic surface and hence, the case of refection from a (perfect) conducting surface:

ER = - EI ET = 0

For good conductors n2 is a large number, tending towards infinity in the case of a perfect conductor. Therefore, no field is transmitted into the metallic medium, and the field is fully reflected back with a 180º change in the phase of the wave (due to the minus sign).

This is exactly the principle waveguides use for electromagnetic wave propagation. They must have perfectly reflective and conductive coating on the inside to function properly.

Conclusion is that more conductive the surface, more electromagnetic waves will be reflected from it.

The extreme case is a totally metallic surface in which absolutely ALL of the energy gets reflected.

TEST PROCEDURE FOR DRY TESTING ODU OF SRAL RADIO

The correct way to test the SRAL units is as follows.

1. You will require two -48VDC power points for the two SRAL IDU units.

2. You will require two IF cables to connect the IDU’s to the two ODU’s

3. There needs to be a RF connection between the two ODU’s to complete the link. This is also known as a virtual link. If the test is done without this link you stand a good change in damaging the ODU because of high VSWR levels.

The virtual link for a 7GHz SRAL test scenario consists out of the following.

2 x Waveguide to Coax Transitions (Flange = UDR84 / Waveguide = WR112 / Coax type = Type Female(FM).) (Order number from Andrew = C122LNSG)

2 x RF attenuators (0 to 12GHz) 30dB N-Type Male to Female (To obtain a nominal receive level of -40dBm (+/- 5dB)) (Order number from Huber+Suhner = 22550187)

1 x RF test cable 1meter (Sucotest Straight plug N-type male to male (DC up to 13GHz)) (Order number from Huber+Suhner = 23005046)

The virtual link will be arranged in the following way.

Starting from left to right.

1. #1 ODU (UDR84) to #1 Waveguide to Coax transition (UDR84)

2. #1 Waveguide to Coax transition (FM) to #1 RF attenuator (M)

3. #1 FR attenuator (FM) to #1 RF test cable (M)

4. #1 RF test cable (M) to #2 FR attenuator (FM)

5. #2 FR attenuator (M) to #2 Waveguide to Coax transition (FM)

6. #2 Waveguide to Coax transition (UDR84) to #2 ODU (UDR84)

8. ) SUBJECT : EFFECT OF TOWER GUY TO MICROWAVE LINK

Question:

Can we really have a problem in the field when a microwave antenna is installed on a tower, just below the attachment point of the guys, and that the azimuth of the antenna is about the same as the azimuth of one guy ?

If yes, what is the minimum angle to respect between the antenna azimuth and the guy azimuth compared to the antenna beamwidth for example ?

If yes, is there a minimum distance to respect between the antenna and the guy in order the negative effect disappears ?

What about the possible accumulation of ice on the guy ? The ice can surely becomes a significant obstruction to the antenna!

Is there any practical or theoretical standard about this phenomenon ?

Answer:

When you use microwave parabolic reflector or horn antennas, you should be aware of the 100% path clearance in the near-field area (also called the Rayleigh zone) where the radiated waves are travelling inside a cylinder that continue the dish circle (the dish is then the radiating surface of a planar wave that is a zero-loss propagation mode)

The distance of the Rayleigh zone is given by a simple equation:

dR= D²/2*Lambda where:

dR: distance of the Rayleigh zone

D: antenna diameter

Lambda: wavelength

in the Rayleigh zone the Radiated Power Density is constant along the distance (zero-loss propagation)

the next zone is the Fresnel-Kirchoff zone that extend between dR and dFK with

dFK= 2D²/Lambda

in this zone the Radiated Power Density is fluctuant

the last zone is the Fraunhoffer zone where the wave is now spherical and the Radiated Power Density decay according the 1/d law; yhis is the far-field zone

Conclusion:

Free space loss is computed with assumption of the far-field propagation.

You should avoid to place any obstacle inside the Rayleigh zone. Otherwise big impact in term of:

RPE (radiated pattern enveloppe)distorsion

Cross-Polarisation degradations

Another thought....

With the guy wire returning to ground, it would act as a parasitic element and absorb the radiated energy. The net result would be a field strength distortion / reduction in the desired direction.

It looks like this thread was done some time ago, but I thought I would add one other interesting point.

We once had a guy going through a u-wave path that seemed to either reflect or retransmit the signal causing interference not in the adjacent hop, but in the next hop around the loop (we were using the standard 2-frequency plan). It made no sense at the time, but when we replaced the guy with a non-metallic material, the interference went away.

My rule has always been a minimum of 10 degrees for highly directional microwave, just to make sure you are nowhere near the guy.

Frequently Ask Pathloss 4.0

2011-01-18T20:35:00.000+09:30

4. ) SUBJECT : SURGE SUPRESSOR PLACEMENT
Question :
in an installation with IDU-ODU linked with an IF cable using 2 surge arrestors. One next to the oDU and another at the building entry plate, what is the Surge arrestor next to the ODU protecting? ODU or IDU?
Answer :

very late reply, but just in case you still have a problem.... The sign on a surge unit named "Protected" means that on this port you have to connect the unit you are trying to protect. So, in your case, where the surge protector is installed at the ODU side, the protected port has to be connected to the ODU. Look: If the lightning strike will hit directly to the ODU, there is no hope for the ODU anymore. The strike will continue to go towards the IDU and the surge protector on the building/shelter entry point will have a job to eliminate the strike. If the lightning strike hits the tower, there is a large posibility some of the power will be inducted to the IF cable...in that case, both surge protectors will try to eliminate the strike ( entry point for the IDU, near the ODU for the UDU). Luckily, the strike hits the top of the tower and not directly the MW ODU equipment.

BUT.... there are always different kind of thinking....when the lightning stikes are on the menu :)

5. ) SUBJECT : PLANET TERRAIN DATA PROJECTION ON PLW4.0

Question :

really need your help on pathloss.

Actually the problem is this:

I'll like to make use of your "MSI PLANET Terrain Data UTM Projection" aspect of pathloss but I'm having some problems using it. We'll(our company- Huawei Tecnologies) like to use this aspect of pathloss because we believe it would give us a more accurate Terrain Database. However my major problem is that pathloss doesn't accept my index file and i don't feel there is any problems with it(Nigeria 1117744.642 -227668.6368 458077.6182 1530357.619 50). I tried other ways like using the utm zone for Nigeria (32N) but at the end of it all it won't create a background for the map (so I'm not sure it accepted it).

The question is:

How do I work with Pathloss with a specified geographic frame like that as shown in the index file attached (instead of the frame of the whole world).

Answer :

You need to know the UTM zone number. This is not specified in the index file. Somewhere there is a projection file (prj). The zone will be in this file.

I imported the index.txt file into the list; however the east and west edges were reversed.

When you are in the Import List - Define Fields dialog box, first click the Planet button and then set the west edge to 3 and the east edge to 2. Alternately you can just change the values directly in the grid display.

The following link provides details of the planet database as used in the Pathloss program

ftp://www.pathloss.com/pub/docs/planet_utm.pdf

6. ) SUBJECT : SRTM 3 ARC SECONDS

Question :

I have a problem on using the SRTM 3 arc seconds dataset. I have bought some CDs including the SRTM dataset, but I can not use these datasets, all the configuration are ok per the pathloss procedure. on the CDs, there are 5 files for each 1x1 degree tiles, which named NxxExxx.bil,.....etc. I wonder what's the problem.

anybody can help me on this issue?

Answer :

have a problem like you when I got SRTM Dataset.

In the SRTM Dataset CDs have only 5 Files but in pathloss web page state that should be 10 Files for using with pathloss.

In SRTM Dataset CDs compose of *.BIL, *.BLW, *.HDR, *.PRJ and *.STX and the another 5 file is not appear in CDs.

If we got the another 5 file may be pathloss tool can work.

Anybody can help me? Where we can find the remaining file?

METADATA.DBF

METADATA.PRJ

METADATA.SHP

METADATA.SHX

METADATA.TEX

Thank you in advand for your support.

Answer :

Hello,

I found a way around this problem.

The Srtm .bil files are in little endian order ie.. the least significant byte is stored first and the Most Significant Byte is stored second for each Two Byte integer in the .bil file. Pathloss 4 requires it to be in Big endian (or Motorola) order, where the MSB is stored first and LSB is stored second.

The .bil files in the CD therefore have to be converted into big endian order. I have written a small Visual basic program which can do this. Perhaps you can do the same at your end! Otherwise get in touch with me at bnncomm@ndb.vsnl.net.in

Frequently Ask Pathloss 4.0

2011-01-18T20:33:00.002+09:30

2. ) SUBJECT : EQUIPMENT SIGNATURE / DISPERSIVE FADE MARGIN

Question :

Dear all

1-I wonder if can any one help me to know more about the radio Equipment signature and its impact on the dispersive fade margin.

2-Also I want to know if there is any consideration in determining the path profiles that the MW signal should take rather than the reflection phenomenon.

Answer :

Hi,

MW radio dispersive fade margin can be calculated based on the signature of the equipment.

Most modern microwave radios have excellent signature curves and therefore high dispersive fade margins of over 50 dB.Insufficient DFM was an issue in early MW radios but not today with the state-of-the-art technology.

If you don't feel like reading the ITU standards, book "Microwave Transmission Networks - Planning, Design and Deployment," McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-143249-3,2004, provides sufficient information on this topic.

Harvey

www.HLTelecomConsulting.com

The dispersive fade margin (DFM)is the replacement for the former signature of analog radios. DFM is usually > 50 dB. You should take this value to calculate the Composite Fade Margin (digital links) or Fade Margin (analog links). You should also considerer the Termal Fade Margin, External Interference Fade Margin and the Adjacent-channel Interference Fade Margin. I recomend you to check the Telecommunications System Bulletin of the TIA.

Regards,

Benjamin Millan

Telecommunication Engineering Consultancy

3. ) SUBJECT : 90 Km LINK OVER THE WATER

Question :

I have been asked to look at a path over ~90Km sea in SE Asia between islands.

Capacity will be about 8M, choosen band is 1800MHz. Can any give me a couple of points I need to look out for? I seem to remember there was some discussion on this forum, but my searching has come to naught.

TIA

Matthew

Answer :

hope you have designed and installed that hope since the question was posted. :-)

Let's quickly summarize the issues; your main concern is and will be reflections from the water (multipath). For the lenght of the hop, space diversity will absolutely be required although it may not be sufficient. You may have to use frequency diversity as well (if allowed).

You have to perform very detailed analysis of the antenna placement on the tower for the space diversity improvement to be optimal.

Use vertical polarization since it may offer additional protection against reflections.

Some ducting issues may also appear but since there is not sufficient information about the link and its location, I am not going to address that issue.

www.HLTelecomConsulting.com

Pathloss 4.0 Frequently ask

2011-01-18T20:32:00.000+09:30

1. ) SUBJECT : INTERFERENCE CALCULATION

Question :

I never used Interference calculations before but want to try it now. What are the things to consider before I can succesfully run this feature? and What are the steps in order to do it? Thanks in advance!!

Answer : You should take into account, according to the frequency band:

1) Coordination distance and Maximum frequency separation: it means the phisical and frequency distance between interfering transmiter and victim receiver.
2) Minimum interference level and digital interference objective: It means the minimum inteference level in order that the receiver threshold of the radio does not degrade mora than one db.
3) If you want to ignore diversity antennas and adjacent channels.
All you have to do in PLIV is to use the network module where you have to have all the links you want to take into account in the analysis.

Make sure that the equipment you are using have the T/I (threshold to interference) curves so that the calculation can be performed according to TIA (Telecomunication Industry Association).

Question :

Also can you tell me, why do we use -115 db as min interference level.

does it calculates co channel or adjacent channel interference?

Answer :

We use -115 db as min interference level.

Because there is no receiver with sensitivity better than -115 db; this way you guarantee that the signal you will discard will not be effective.

It calculates co and adjacent channel interference.

And there is an option where you can ignore the adjacent channels

For distance I recommend the following:

According to Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) of the United

States, they recommend to use a circular coordination contour with a

Larger radius sector extending 5 degrees on either side of the antenna main beam azimuth. These radii are referred to as the circular coordinancion distance (Dc) and the keyhole coordination distance (Dk). Again, Dk is +- degrees about the antenna main beam. Dc is the emaining 350 degree circle about the antenna. For interference analisys, the following circular coordination contours are to be used: Below 15 GHz: Dc = 200 km and Dk = 400 km Above 15 GHz: Dc = 75 km and Dk = 140 km.

For frequency separation I recommend to use 5 times de biggest bandwidth of the links. If you are employing radios with 28 MHz of Bandwidth, then use 140 MHz for frequency separation. I recommend this value because its enough frequency to interference analisys according to the T/I curves of the radios.

The Max frequency separation in pathloss have nothing to do with the frequency band you are using. It has to do with the adjacent T to I (threshold to interferer) curves and to see at which separation the calculation is not important because the values are very low. The purpose of putting a small value is just to save proccessing time.

Pathloss 4.0 Help tools

2011-01-18T17:53:00.000+09:30

After we export our pathloss links as the mapinfo files with the suffixes imf, this software(Pathloss assistant) can help us to change those files to excel files or googleearth files.

Especially, the googleearth files can easily help us check our pathloss links in googleearth sofrware.

Pathloss 5 Revision History

2011-01-18T11:44:00.000+09:30

Pathloss 5 - revision date January 4, 2011

Summary of changes made in the interference calculations using TX emission (measured or masks) and RX selectivity curves (measured or masks)

The first change came in the August 26, 2010 build to handle a very narrow band interfering signals into a very wide band receiver. The numerical integration did not adequately detect the interference in the receive passband.

The second change occurred in the November 19, 2010 build to deal with RX selectivity data which covered a frequency range of +- 2000 MHz with 10 data points. In this case, an interpolation algorithm failed. A side effect of the changes in this build was a failure to correctly read ToI or IRF curves. This was corrected in the December 10, 2010 build.

As a result of these changes, special software was developed to test different radio data files against each other. The tests shown a discrepancy between the results using TX emission masks and measured data. This has been corrected in the present build.

Pathloss 5 - revision date November 30, 2010

Pathloss 5 - revision date November 19, 2010

Pathloss 5 - revision date November 12, 2010

Fixed another bug preventing clutter from being considered in area studies under certain conditions.

Fixed bug which prevented the profile from updating when individual clutter heights were edited at specific points.

Pathloss 5 - revision date November 9, 2010

Certain projection combination would prevent clutter from being considered in local and area studies.

Diffraction variable, raytrace variable, and reflective plane analysis windows could lose the control panel at the bottom. The bottom panel is now static and cannot be lost.

Pathloss 5 - revision date October 28, 2010

Changes to the network back-end dramatically reduces the amount of time it takes to add large numbers of links to the network as a batch. This affects importing links from pl5 data files, importing link text files, and creating links using the automatic designer.

Deleting multiple links from the link list was slow on very large networks. This has been corrected.

Fixed small error reporting bug in auto link designers.

"Yes to all" button added for overwrite confirmation when finalizing links from any of the the auto link designers.

When a clutter entry was deleted by entering a 0 in the height column, the clutter was not correctly deleted.

To delete multiple clutter points, hilite the points by clicking in the leftmost column. Use shift and ctrl to create the selection. Then click F6 or Ctrl-Y. You have the option of deleting the points or just the clutter.

Mark site function in the site list will now cause the network display to center on the marked site(s) once you close the sitelist window.

Area studies can now be created with a maximum radius.

Area studies showing CtoI can now restrict which base stations are considered as carriers.

All Study displays can now be exported to vector formats (shapefile and mid/mif). Improved memory management in export routine.

Resolved bug which occasionally failed to set the correct delimiter on entry in to the text import dialog box.

Find function added to the site list.

Error handling on create p2p link design improved. Errors are compiled and shown in notepad at the conclusion of the operation rather than one at a time as they occur.

Pathloss 5 - revision date October 5, 2010

Improvements to the area study back-end drastically reduces memory requirements for studies involving a large number of base stations. Area studies can now be created on geographic geo-referenced backdrops. Area studies can be exported to Google earth from geographic geo-referenced backdrops.

Fixed crash which would occur when exporting a network with a large number of links to Google earth.

In Development: An area study showing C to I or simulcast delay can not yet be exported to vector formats (shapefile, mid/mif)

Pathloss 5 - revision date September 20, 2010

Corrected bug which caused the minimum value of K to always be reported as 0.05

Program could hang on newer operating systems while defining a polygon for an area study. The problem was similar to an earlier bug involving click and drag operations. A minor change to how a polygon is defined has removed the bug.

Pathloss 5 - revision date August 25, 2010

It was possible to perform an empirical study before setting the basestation and mobile antenna heights. Because these values are required for some studies the study data could become corrupted leading to display problems.

An Interference calculation using the auto OHloss calculation option would crash if there were any errors in profile generation.

Pathloss 5 - revision date August 19, 2010

The pl50 program would crash upon shutdown if the last site edited from the edit site dialog contained a basestation.

The Local Study would not always use the secondary terrain database if the basestation was located within the primary database bounds but the radius extended in to the secondary.

Pathloss 5 - revision date August 10, 2010

Area study

CtoI calculations in an area display analysis did not consider the antenna radiation pattern of the remote site.

ITU-530-12 - ITU-530-13

Switching between these two algorithms did not automatically recalculate the results.

Pathloss 5 - revision date August 6, 2010

There is a new option in the local studies display criteria that applies to the Line of Sight display. Previously, in an area where two or more studies overlap, a cell was marked as visible if ANY base station had LOS to that cell. You can now choose to have cells in overlapping regions marked as visible only if EVERY base station has LOS to that cell.

Local studies using the LOS criteria were not exported properly to google earth using the single image option.

Pathloss 5 - revision date July 26, 2010

Program stability issues

Certain mouse operations such as linking two sites together could cause the program to hang for no apparent reason. This behavior was rarely seen on Windows XP; however on Windows Vista and 7 the occurrence was more frequent. Note that this was not a crash but more of a "program not responding" issue. We believe that we have solved this problem in the current build.

Turing on or off individual local studies using the checkmark in the sitelist could lead to an incorrect display or program crash.

Pathloss 5 - revision date July 20, 2010

The maximum receive signal was not loaded into the lookup table from the radio index. The maximum receive signnal was also not loaded in to the Link design design rules from the lookup table. Both these problems have been fixed.

Installation help has been added to the PL50 menu bar.

Selecting the last row in the site list could cause a crash with some operations. The last row can no longer be selected in any grid controls.

Crane rain data entry form

If the cancel button was clicked, the "Rain calculation" option was always set to off and the polarization was set to horizontal. The ITU rain data entry form operated correctly.

Radio and Antenna Index

The column sort order is retained for the session

Elevation Backdrop

Per pixel transparency has now been added to the elevation backdrop. This makes possible such effects as show only elevations in a certain range or one color elevation displays.

In some cases, if a list contained a very large number of items, the vertical scroll bar would malfunction when being dragged.

Local Studies

Fixed bug in which local studies with different cell sizes would not be properly displayed together.

Local Studies are now supported when using a geo-referenced backdrop with a geographic projection.

Similar updates to area studies coming soon.

Pathloss 5 - revision date June 29, 2010

Studies

Area studies could crash for the C/I display criteria for some polygon shapes.

Error handling in both area and local studies for missing files could cause a program crash.

When both an area study and a local study were displayed using the same criteria, changing the colors and ranges for one study did not automatically update the other study

Radio Lookup Tables

When the radio index was used to populate the radio lookup table, the dispersive fade margin was not added.

Radio and Antenna Index

Both the hi frequency and the low frequency were required for the filter to operate correctly.

Pathloss 5 - revision date June 8, 2010

When a Pathloss data file which includes a passive repeater was loaded, the end site azimuths were recalculated incorrectly.

Pathloss 5 - revision date May 12, 2010

Improvements to local study memory management for very large studies.

ITU 530-13 mutipath fade algorithm added.

Pathloss 5 - revision date May 4, 2010

Path inclination was not automatically updated for antenna height changes in the antenna heights design section or the Configure - Antenna Heights menu selection.

The diffraction reports did not print when the diffraction calculations were carried out using any of the automatic design features.

Added functionality that allows multiple local studies to be defined as a batch. Selecting the menu item Studies->Local Studies->Batch Define will bring up a dialog box to set the study parameters. You can use a selection or group to control the base stations for which the studies will be defined. Only fully defined base stations will be included in the operation, and existing local studies will not be affected. When the studies have been defined select menu item Studies->Local Studies->Batch Generate to generate all the studies. (This may take some time for large areas.)

CDED file index

Created an index from converted CDED files did not properly set the file directory.

Reflection Analysis - Space diversity planning

The space diversity planning is only applicable for the TRDR-TRDR antenna configuration and the earth radius factor variable parameter. The space diversity planning is not inhibited if these two conditions are not met.

KML export

Google Earth does not allow the character '&' to be used in a site name. This check has been implemented in this program build

Pathloss 5 - revision date April 27, 2010

Options have been rearranged in to 3 categories that better reflect their scope and usage.

Network Display Options control the appearance of the network in PL50.

Program Options are options that apply to the entire program (report formats for example) and are saved in the ini file.

Calculation options apply to a single link or design rule file depending on where the options are accessed from. A line in the options dialog states exactly how the options are being applied.

Links can be now be added to groups based on Application Type. Click on Configure - Group Manager and then select the Add on condition feature. Select the check box and set the application type in the drop down list. When you click the check box, all links of that type will be added to the group.

Thematic site and link status color will now override the site and link colors even if there is no thematic type defined.

Fixed bug that prevented clutter backdrop from displaying if the definition window was not opened. This applies when the definition is loaded automatically from .grc files.

Report file names are now initialized to null and must be provided by the user at the time they are saved.

Pathloss 5 - revision date April 13, 2010

The copy function has been updated to allow for the copying of study and elevation legends as well as high resolution backdrop images. The copy function can be accessed from the main menu under File->Print->Copy or from the toolbar icon. The dialog allows you to select which element you wish to copy to the clipboard as well as specify a resolution multiplier.

The resolution multiplier applies when you are copying a network display containing bitmap elements such as backdrop imagery and studies. It allows you to retain higher image resolution even if the image is zoomed out in the display. The higher the multiplier, the greater the image resolution.

Using these methods you can make consecutive pastes in to vector or word processing software to build a network picture with legends. Note that because the clipboard data includes vectors as well as raster information, the behavior when pasting in to image editing software may vary.

Network printing is still in development and more features will be added in future updates.

Pathloss 5 - revision date March 24, 2010

Diffraction calculations

Corrected an error in the March 17 build which caused a program crash.

Network Display

The status bar now contains the measurement units (kilometers-meters) or (miles-feet). Click on this button to convert between the two systems

Pathloss 5 - revision date March 17, 2010

The Copy/Move network operation is now able to use groups and selections to limit which files will be copied. The network will still retain all the links but only the link files in the selection or group will be copied. Any link files that are not copied will no longer be referenced by the gr5 network.

GIS Configuration

Indexing for NLCD clutter can now be carried out for complete folders and sub folders. In the File index display, click Files - Import index - bil, hdr, blw folder- subfolder. Select the top folder containing these files to create the index.

Note that this procedure cannot differentiate between bil clutter files and bil dem files. Do not use this procedure if the folders contain both DEM and clutter files.

Elevation backdrops for transverse Mercator projections which included a latitude origin resulted in a distorted view. An example of this type of projection is the UK national grid.

Completed Local Studies are now saved to disk in a format that will allow faster loading.

Corrected a logic error that prevented the Secondary DEM from filling in any 'no data' patches left over from the primary DEM.

The active link (open in pl50l design window) is now highlighted in green on the network display.

Corrected bug causing variable zone projections with bounds to not display coordinates on the status bar or in Add Site dialog.

Can now access design modules via a menu in the link list.

Pathloss 5 - revision date March 2, 2010

Antenna beamwidth - downtilt

The multipath - reflections design section uses the elevation antenna 3 dB beamwidth and the antenna mechanical downtilt parameters in the analysis. Previously, copies of these variables were initially taken from the transmission analysis section and were not updated. The values are now the same in both design sections.

Antenna orientation calculations

These calculations are now continuously updated for all data entries and changes.

CSV reports

The delimiter selection (comma, tab, semicolon or other) now works. The text qualifier now allows a delimiter in an expression.

Pathloss 5 - revision date February 23, 2010

Create PTP/PTMP links - Design links - Edit modify links

The windows hierarchy in these functions could result in the current window being hidden.

Terrain data section

The survey angles function returns an error message if the cursor is on site 1 - the first point in the profile.

The single structure dialog warning message "Structure exists at this location" has been removed from the dialog. An error message will be generated if the user attempts to add a structure at a location where one already exists.

Multipath - Reflections

Under certain non line of sight conditions, the program would crash when the define plane function was called.

GIS configuration - Indexing NED bil files

This can now be carried out for complete folders and sub folders. In the File index display, click Files - Import index - bil, hdr, blw folder- subfolder. Select the top folder containing these files to create the index.

Pathloss 5 - revision date February 8, 2010

Google Earth Export

Local and area studies are now reprojected from the network display projection to the Google Earth plat carree projection. This improves the positioning within Google Earth, especially for large areas.

Local and Area Studies

If the variables "show local study" or "show area study" are changed in the site list, the changes did not take effect until the local or area study was regenerated. In this program build the changes will take effect immediately when the site list is closed.

Interference case detail report

The delete case and delete subcase buttons in the case detail report would cause a crash whenever all subcases associated with a receiver were deleted

Radio Lookup table

The second time the radio lookup table was accessed, the radio data would not be added if the design section had changed between accesses.

Local studies did not export to Google Earth unless all options were selected

Pathloss 5 - revision date January 20, 2010

Diffraction

If the diffraction algorithm was set in the PL50L program options, the tool bar in the the diffraction section was not reset.

Switching diffraction algorithms in the diffraction section, did not completely reset the calculations resulting in some interaction between algorithms.

Fixed bug in ray trace and reference plane analysis which would not show colors when printed in a batch report.

Pathloss 5 - revision date January 13, 2010

Diffraction loss

Reflective plane definition for Longley and Rice algorithm revised for line of sight applications.

Interactions between the diffraction loss calculations carried out in the transmission analysis section and the diffraction section have been eliminated

Pathloss 5 - revision date January 4, 2010

Some stability problems have been corrected in the link text import. If a file could not be saved, an error report is written and displayed at the end of the import.

Reflection plane report crash.

Import text files

The settings and column definitions can be saved and loaded. This makes it possible to handle any number of column definition formats for a particular import.

Pathloss 5 - revision date December 23, 2009

New menu item Assign Thematics under the Operations menu in PL50 allows thematics (site Type, site Status, link type, link status and los status) to be assigned to a selection or group.

Exporting to Google Earth now allows the local studies to be exported as a single image rather than an image for each base station. This option is shown on the export dialog.

Exporting PL5 to PL4 was missing the traffic code. This has been fixed

Pathloss 5 - revision date December 17, 2009

Fixed bug which caused local studies to have erroneous loss if clutter files could not be found.

Fixed some minor visibility problems regarding local studies.

GIS configuration

If a vector file (MapInfo or Shapefile) with building elevations was entered in the vector tab file list, then the program would crash when the file list was opened and the vector file was not at the specified location.

Grid ASCII conversion

Improved error detection in grid ascii file

3D terrain view

The user interface has been redesigned.

Update pl5 files

This function in the site data list will set the profile end point elevations to the values specified in the site list.

Automatic OHLOSS calculations in an interference calculation

If the "Calculate OHLOSS automatically" option was checked in an interference calculation, the program calculated the OHLOSS for each case. If the addition of the OHLOSS resulted in an interfering signal less than the objective minus the margin, the interference case was discarded. In all other cases the reports showed the OHLOSS being included twice.

Radio and antenna lookup tables

For antenna, the model and gain are the minimum requirements For radio lookup tables, the model transmit power and receive sensitivity are the minimum requirements. Minor reformatting changes were carried out to these tables.

Import link text file

A csv file with more than 2048 characters per line would cause a program crash. Any line length can now be used.

Pathloss 5 - revision date December 02, 2009

Visibility of ungrouped sites and links is saved in the gr5 file.

Export to shapefile and mapinfo mid/mif now allows export of groups or selections. More information exported to shapefile and mapinfo mid/mif databases.

3D Display now only shows visible network.

Fixed error exporting studies to google earth from certain datums.

Refinements to google earth export: More information in description, links now shown above ground at antenna height.

Pathloss 5 - revision date November 25, 2009

Export to google earth now allows export of groups or selection.

Maximum receive signal exceeded has been added to the trasmission analysis warnings.

More information is exported to mapinfo mid/mif format.

Pathloss 5 - revision date November 17, 2009

Profile displays now show the arrow on top of any structure or clutter at the selected point.

The excess clearance display in the antenna heights design section showed the longitude hemisphere incorrectly.

Erroneous base station circulator branching loss values could be generated if the Cancel (red X) button was clicked in the antenna coupling unit data entry form.

Create P2P links. Joining a group (or selection) to all sites now works as it should. Previously, some links between group members were omitted.

Pathloss 5 - revision date November 10, 2009

Create P2P links

Joining a group (or selection) to all sites now works as it should. Previously, some links between group members were ommited.

Hot keys have been added to switch between the link design sections.

Manual site linking direction Manual links were created in west to east direction. Links which were exactly north - south were created in a south to north direction. Using this convention, all profile displays had the westerly site on the left side.

This has been changed so that the first site selected is always on left side of profile displays.

Link text file import If the design frequency is not available in the import, the average channel assignments are now used.

Print profile options

The print profile options were not saved on exiting the report printing dialog.

Pathloss 5 - revision date October 20, 2009

Fixed crash involving Ohloss and Diffraction Loss Reports.

Pathloss 5 - revision date October 15, 2009

GIS Configuration

ESRI header files used for indexing BIL files with out a corresponding prj file are now supported. The projection information is contained in the hdr file. The user must set the projection.

CSV Import

The duplicate column assignments error message now identifies the specific column numbers and in the case of the "Site text file" import, the field name is specified.

The link text import loads the antenna code if available.

Pathloss 5 - revision date October 5, 2009

Rain data files

City rain data files have been added to the program. These are non proprietary rain files for US and Canadian cities.

Provision has been made to use the Proprietary ATT radio data files; however these are not supplied with the program. These files must be located in the directory geo_data\rain\alu_rain.

Radio and Antenna Code Index

Improved functionality for the find control.

Pathloss 5 - revision date September 29, 2009

Link Text Import

Coordinates using separate columns for degrees, minutes and seconds were not importing correctly.

Station, owner and operator codes

These site specific parameters can be used for alternate data storage and status information. These parameters can be excluded from the network

pl5 file discrepancy checking. Click Configure - PL50 Program options

Network link data checks to set these options.

Link design rules

Field margin has been added to the link design rules. The data entry is in the reliability parameters section of the design rules dialog.

Radio and antenna code data entry.

These can now be entered directly and deleted in the respective data entry forms.

Tooltips have been added to the radio and antenna indexes.

Antenna clearance report

If the controlling clearance criteria included a fixed height, the clearance report did not included this fixed height.

GIS Configuration

If the vector tab included shapefile definitions, and the shapefiles were not present, the program could crash on startup.

Pathloss 5 - revision date September 24, 2009

Backdrops

The Import Index - Mapinfo tab file option now supports bmp, jpg, and png in addition to tif as image formats. One bit black and white tif files are now supported.

Link text file import

Multiple links between the same two sites can now be carried out in the link text file import

Pathloss 5 - revision date September 22, 2009

Vertical Mapper Clutter files (gcd files)

Clutter data in the MapInfo vertical mapper format may include a clutter definition table in the file. If this exists the data will be automatically entered into the clutter definition table.

Note that clutter elevations do not exist in this file format. All clutter elevations have been set to a default value of zero. It is the users responsibility to assign the clutter heights. The clutter cross reference categories have been set to an "open land" default value. For local and area studies, the user must assign the cross references

GIS Configuration

The Philippine reference system 1992 datum has been added. This is effectively the same definition as the existing Luzon datum, however the transformation to WGS84 utilizes the 7 parameter algorithm for the entire country, whereas the the Luzon definition uses a 3 parameter transformation and two regions (Philippines excluding Mindanao and Mindanao) The Philippine transverse mercator projection for the five zones has been added for this datum

The clutter definition table now shows the clutter elevations in the units currently selected (feet or meters). Previously units were always in meters

Interference case detail report

Headers in the performance degradation did not line up with the actual data.

PL50L Options

The automatic diffraction algorithm selection (Pathloss, Tirem or NSMA) was not included in the PL50L option settings

Obstruction Fading (transmission analysis section) The diffraction loss iterations could fail under certain conditions and return a critical value of K of 1.33. The results were completely unrealistic

Pathloss 5 - revision date September 15, 2009

Passive repeaters

Passive repeaters created in the network display had stability problems.

Vectors

Added support for displaying ESRI shapefiles of type SHPT_ARCZ and SHPT_POLYGONZ.

Backdrop Files

MapInfo tab files can be loaded directly in to the Backdrop index. This is a multiselect operation. If the list is empty, then the first file added sets the projection. All successive files must match this projection. If the index contains any entries, then the existing projection determines if the file can be accepted.

Update PL5 file in the network display only updated one site in a link if the YES button was clicked. The Yes to all button operated correctly.

GRIDASCII

Converting a GRIDASCII resulted in a "File format error" on UNIX files. The program incorrectly interpreted the 0xA end of line character.

Pathloss 5 - revision date September 8, 2009

Set GIS configuration The MapInfo derived projection could cause a program crash if it was manually selected from the projection drop down list.

The ERP values in watts and dBm were reversed in land mobile applications in the transmission analysis display.

Diffraction loss

The diffraction loss calculation failed on line of sight paths with more than 6 terrain incursions into the 60% Fresnel zone radius.

Pathloss 5 - revision date September 2, 2009

Vertical mapper grd DEM files using 16 bit integers were not correctly read.

Pathloss 5 - revision date September 1, 2009

Link text file import

If the design frequency is not specified, and channel frequency assignments are in the file, then the design frequency will be set to the average of the channel frequencies.

Define plane

The define plane caused a crash when switching between the manual and automatic generation methods

The network file consisted of two files with the suffixes gr5 and gr5ids. The gr5ids contains the site and link ids and is intended to be used on a shared file basis. The gr5ids file has been removed in this program build due to potential data synchronization problems.

Rain errors were reported even when the rain calculation was switched off.

The free space loss formula gave results which were 0.02 dB different than the version 4.0 results. This small difference created difficulties in comparing availability results which are formatted to five decimal places. This release changes the free space loss to the version 4 formula.

Pathloss 5 - revision date August 26, 2009

Minor fixes to radio and antenna lookup tables.

Pathloss 5 - revision date August 25, 2009

Pl50 Options

Site Attributes, Site Label, Link Attributes and Link Labels can now be applied to a group or selection.

Set GIS Configuration

The File index for NLCD2001 clutter did not show the clutter name on the caption

PL40 radome loss

When a pl4 file containing a valid antenna code was opened in the standalone PL50L application, the antenna data was reloaded. This caused the radome loss to reset.

Space diversity - IF combining - corrected.

Changed gr5 save routine to guard against header errors.

Pathloss 5 - revision date August 17, 2009

Transmission summary report when invoked from the transmission analysis menu bar always showed the distance and elevation in Miles / feet

Network to PL5 discrepancy dialog. Direction arrow buttons did not function.

Pathloss 5 - revision date August 13, 2009

Network display - Map crossings

The map crossing function has been implemented. This is only valid for the default network projection. First set the axis to correspond to the desired maps (Click configure - PL50 options - axis-map grid). Then right click on the link and select map crossings. If the US 1:24,000 7.5 minute map scale has been selected, the report will show the actual map names.

Terrain data module

The reverse profile did not reverse the site names on the status bar.

Fixed google earth datum transformation.

Fixed minor bugs related to the no data entries in clutter databases.

Pathloss 5 - revision date August 6, 2009

Group manager

The visibility display rules have been changed to allow a group containing only links to be displayed. Some fixes have been made involving operations where some sites and links are hidden.

Antenna heights section

The graphical antenna heights display now does not show the minimum clearance criteria. Previously this was show as a modification to the Fresnel zone radius. Although the results were correct, this display was somewhat confusing.

The minimum clearance criteria is intended to provide clearance for close in obstructions where K and the Fresnel zone radius are very small and can lead to a grazing path. Note that when this is specified, the antenna heights cannot be less than this value.

Radio data entry form (Adaptive modulation)

Clicking the blue button to access the adaptive modulation table, could bring up a second instance of the table which could cause a program crash.

Update PL5 files has been added. This function is available on the site list menu bar. The procedure checks all associated pl5 files and compares the site data to the data in the site list. If there are any differences the user is prompted to modify the pl5 file. This is a one direction change - Network site data to pl5 file.

Pathloss 5 - revision date July 31, 2009

NLCD2001 and NCLD2002 clutter data downloads in BIL format from the USGS site are now working. These files can be used with the July 31, 2009 program build.

NED and SRTM elevation data downloads in BIL format are now in a 32 bit floating point format. We believe that this is an error as the definition of the BIL format on the USGS site states that the elevations are in a signed 16 bit integer format. The new float files are twice the size of the integer files.

The July 31, 2009 program build will read the floating point files.

The Group manager operation has been revised so that links can exist in a group without the associated sites being in the group. This allows the user to create a group with links only or with sites only. Combinations of sites and links in a group are still possible. In this arrangement, links can now be hidden without hiding the sites.

Printing and copying the network display with backdrops produced black ares where the backdrop was missing.

Pathloss 5 - revision date July 29, 2009

Site list does not reset display unless coordinates are changed.

Set GIS Configuration correctly recognizes when the projection of the display has changed.

Pl5 Link Files deleted by Pathloss are now sent to the recycle bin rather than being permanently deleted.

Reports

Fixed bugs causing columns to be out of sync and filenames to not be displayed in some cases.

Antenna Usage is shown next to the antenna model in the transmission detail and transmission summary reports.

Point to point link design

The antenna coupling unit (ACU) data entry form in the base station definition did not match up with the ACU data entry in the Link Design Rules. These are now exactly the same interface

Pathloss 5 - revision date July 24, 2009

The addition of new fields to site data caused a crash in the site data entry forms.

Fixed error in which a group could become corrupted when importing from site text files.

Pathloss 5 - revision date July 22, 2009

Obstruction Fading

A preliminary implementation is available in the transmission analysis design section. Click Operations - Obstruction fading. The next program build will include the documentation and the obstruction fading will be incorporated into the reports

Local and area studies

The receive at base station option cause an error.

CSV link report

The antenna usage field has been added. This will only appear if the antenna model is checked.

Import text links

Quotation marks were not automatically removed.

A preliminary request for frequency coordination CSV report has been added. Click Operations - Frequency Coordination report. The report format may change based on discussions with Alcatel and Comsearch. The following fields have been added to the site data structure for this report.

Antenna registration number char[16]

Zip code char[16]

Tower height with Appurtenances

Under some circumstances - distance, azimuth and projected coordinates were not automatically calculated from the site coordinates.

SRTM Image Data

2011-01-17T10:33:00.002+09:30

Welcome. If you just can't wait to start playing with the SRTM image data, or just don't have the

patience for reading tedious documentation, you'll need to know at least the following. For more detail

see SRTM_Image.doc.

All SRTM data are divided into tiles extending over 1° x 1° of latitude and longitude, in “geographic”

projection. For the DEMs, data from every acquisition that crossed a tile were mosaicked and combined,

so there is only one data file for each 1° tile. However for image data every data take that crossed a tile

is included as a separate file (no mosaicking or combining has been done) and some files may contain

only partial data. In addition, because of the SCANSAR technique involved, each SRTM swath was

made up of four slightly overlapping subswaths. Data from each subswath is also included in a separate

file, so every image pixel acquired by SRTM is included in this set.

There are two files for each subswath included in a tile:

.mag - radar image data

.inc – local incidence angle for each sample in the image file

Naming convention:

- As with the DEM files, the first 6 characters of each file name for image data indicate the

geographic coordinates of the center of the lower left (southwest) sample of each file.

- For image files this is followed by 6 numbers that indicate the data take number, consisting of

the orbit number followed by a serial number for that orbit.

- This is followed by a subswath number, which increases outward from the spacecraft nadir point,

and is the key to the polarization for that subswath.

o SS1 = subswath 1, HH polarization approx 30° - 43° look angle.

o SS2 = subswath 2, VV polarization approx 44° - 52° look angle.

o SS3 = subswath 3, VV polarization approx 47° - 60° look angle.

o SS4 = subswath 4, HH polarization approx 52° - 62° look angle.

- Example: File N07W081_032_010_SS3_1_01.mag has its lower left sample centered on 7°N

latitude, 81°W longitude, was the 10th data take on orbit 32, and includes data from subswath 3

indicating VV polarization.

Format:

- Both image and incidence angle files are sampled at 1 arc second of latitude and longitude (~ 30

meters at the equator), and are in geographic projection (AKA Plate Caree). Thus both files have

3601 samples and 3601 lines. Incidence angle files were first averaged to 3 arc seconds before

sampling to 1 arc second.

- Image files are 8 bits/sample, with the values indicating radar cross section, or brightness, scaled

linearly between -50 dB and +40 dB. Data numbers (DN) can be converted to backscatter cross

section in dB using the expression dB = 0.3529*DN - 50

- Incidence angle files are 16 bits/sample, measured in hundredths of a degree (i.e. 4321 = 43.21°).

The 2 bytes are in Motorola "big-endian" order with the most significant byte first, directly

readable by systems such as Sun SPARC, Silicon Graphics and Macintosh. DEC Alpha and most

PCs use Intel ("little-endian") order so byte-swapping may be necessary

SRTM Images

2011-01-17T10:29:00.000+09:30

The SRTM data sets result from a collaborative effort by the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA) and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA - previously known as

the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, or NIMA), as well as the participation of the German and

Italian space agencies, to generate a near-global digital elevation model (DEM) of the Earth using radar

interferometry. The SRTM instrument consisted of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C) hardware

set modified with a Space Station-derived mast and additional antennae to form an interferometer with a

60 meter baseline. A description of the SRTM mission can be found in Farr and Kobrick (2007).

Synthetic aperture radars are side-looking instruments and acquire data along continuous swaths. The

SRTM swaths extended from about 30° off-nadir to about 62° off-nadir from an altitude of 233 km, and

thus were about 225 km wide. During the data flight the instrument was operated at all times the orbiter

was over land and about 1000 individual swaths were acquired over the ten days of mapping operations.

Length of the acquired swaths range from a few hundred to several thousand km. Each individual data

acquisition is referred to as a "data take."

SRTM was the primary (and pretty much only) payload on the STS-99 mission of the Space Shuttle

Endeavour, which launched February 11, 2000 and flew for 11 days. Following several hours for

instrument deployment, activation and checkout, systematic interferometric data were collected for

222.4 consecutive hours. The instrument operated almost flawlessly and imaged 99.96% of the targeted

landmass at least one time, 94.59% at least twice and about 50% at least three or more times. The goal

was to image each terrain segment at least twice from different angles (on ascending, or northeast-going,

and descending, or southeast-going, orbit passes) to fill in areas shadowed from the radar beam by

terrain.

This 'targeted landmass' consisted of all land between 56° south and 60° north latitude, which includes

almost exactly 80% of Earth’s total landmass.

2.0 Data Set Characteristics

All SRTM data are divided into tiles extending over 1° x 1° of latitude and longitude, in “geographic”

projection. For the DEMs, data from every acquisition that crossed a tile were mosaicked and combined,

so there is only one data file for each 1° tile. However for image data every data take that crossed a tile

is included as a separate file (no mosaicking or combining has been done) and some files may contain

only partial data. In addition, because of the SCANSAR technique involved, each SRTM swath was

made up of four slightly overlapping subswaths. Data from each subswath is also included as a separate

file, so every image pixel acquired by SRTM is included in this set. Sample spacing for individual data

points is 1 arcsecond; one arc-second at the equator corresponds to roughly 30 meters in horizontal

extent

There are two files for each subswath included in a tile:

.mag - radar image data

.inc – local incidence angle for each sample in the image file

2.1 SRTM Image Data

The long wavelength of radar waves makes them most sensitive to surface roughness at scales near the

radar wavelength (for SRTM, about 5.5 cm). Thus, for example, rough rocky surfaces, wind-roughened

water, and vegetation appear bright while smooth sand and water appear dark in these images. Of

secondary importance is variations in dielectric constant, which is similar for most dry geologic

materials. However, as water has a very high dielectric constant, wet soils tend to show up much

brighter than dry soils. Several texts are available which describe in much more detail processing and

interpretation of radar images (e.g. Elachi, 1988; Henderson and Lewis, 1998; Campbell, 2002).

As radar images are acquired in a side-looking geometry, they can be distorted by topographic

variations. Because SRTM acquired topography at the same time as the image data and the two are

inherently registered, it was an easy matter to orthorectify the image data. This also means that voids

present in the SRTM DEM produce voids in the image data.

The SRTM radar image product provides the mean surface backscatter coefficients of the mapped areas.

This required the image processor to be radiometrically calibrated. For SRTM, the goals for absolute

and relative radiometric calibration were 3 dB and 1 dB respectively. The SRTM main antenna was the

major source of calibration error as it was a large active array antenna. In the spaceborne environment,

both zero gravity unloading and the large variation in temperature caused distortions in the phased array.

Hundreds of phase shifters and transmit / receive modules populated the C-band antenna panels.

Monitoring the performance of each module was very difficult, causing inaccuracies in the antenna

pattern predictions, in particular in elevation, as the beams were spoiled to obtain a wide swath.

Therefore antenna elevation pattern correction coefficients were derived with empirical methods using

data takes over the Amazon rain forest. As the Amazon rainforest is an homogeneous and isotropic area,

the backscatter coefficient is almost independent of the look angle. Without compensation, a scalloping

effect would have been visible in the sub-swath and full-swath images.

Speckle noise is present in the image data. This is a characteristic of coherent imaging systems and

appears as a random, high-frequency, salt and pepper effect. Most imaging radar systems average many

‘looks’, however SRTM was optimized for a wide swath and thus acquired only 1-2 looks per sub-swath

causing a relatively high speckle noise level.

2.2 SRTM Incidence Angle Data

Because local incidence angle is so important for interpretation of radar images, a file containing that

information is provided for each of the image files. The values are calculated from the position of the

Shuttle and the DEM. They represent the angle between the radar beam and the local normal to the

surface at each pixel. Because this information could be used to ‘back-calculate’ a DEM, the incidence

angle pixels were averaged 3x3 and sampled back to 1 arc-second in order to remain registered with the

corresponding image file.

The figure below shows a portion of cell N34W119, demonstrating the characteristics of the image and

incidence angle data sets and the difference with the topographic data.

Figure 1. Comparison of SRTM image data and SRTM DEM for cell N34W119 (Los Angeles, CA).

Left: Descending sub-swath N34W119_072_100_SS2_1_01. Upper left: Image file, Lower left: Incidence angle file.

Center: Ascending sub-swath N34W119_114_030_SS4_1_01. Upper center: Image file, Lower center: Incidence angle file.

Right: SRTM DEM for the same cell, shaded-relief and elevation color-coded.

Note that the voids in the DEM (shown in grey) correspond to black areas in the image and incidence angle file. The

incidence angle files look like shaded-relief topography because they’re calculated in a similar way. Note that the rough,

vegetated mountains are bright in the images while the smoother Mojave Desert tends to be dark.

3.0 Data Formats

As with the DEM files, the first 6 characters of each file name for image data indicate the geographic

coordinates of the center of the lower left (southwest) sample of each file. For image files this is

followed by 6 numbers that indicate the data take number, consisting of the orbit number followed by a

serial number for that orbit. This is followed by a sub-swath number, which increases outward from the

spacecraft nadir point, and is the key to the polarization for that sub-swath.

o SS1 = sub-swath 1, HH polarization approx 30° - 43° look angle.

o SS2 = sub-swath 2, VV polarization approx 44° - 52° look angle.

o SS3 = sub-swath 3, VV polarization approx 47° - 60° look angle.

o SS4 = sub-swath 4, HH polarization approx 52° - 62° look angle.

Example: File N07W081_032_010_SS3_1_01.mag has its lower left sample centered on 7°N latitude,

81°W longitude, was the 10th data take on orbit 32, and includes data from sub-swath 3 indicating VV

polarization.

SRTM image data are sampled at one arc-second of latitude and longitude and each file contains 3601

lines and 3601 samples. The rows at the north and south edges as well as the columns at the east and

west edges of each cell overlap and are identical to the edge rows and columns in the adjacent cell.

This sampling scheme is sometimes called a "geographic projection", but of course it is not actually a

projection in the mapping sense. It does not possess any of the characteristics usually present in true map

projections, for example it is not conformal, so that if it is displayed as an image geographic features

will be distorted. However it is quite easy to handle mathematically, can be easily imported into most

image processing and GIS software packages, and multiple cells can be assembled easily into a larger

mosaic (unlike the pesky UTM projection, for example.)

3.1 Image File (.mag)

Image brightness or magnitude is given as 8 bits/sample, with the values indicating radar cross section,

scaled linearly between -50 dB and +40 dB. Data numbers (DN) can be converted to backscatter cross

section in dB using the expression dB = 0.3529*DN - 50. There are no header or trailer bytes embedded

in the file. The data are stored in row major order (all the data for row 1, followed by all the data for row

2, etc.).

These data also contain occasional voids from a number of causes such as shadowing, phase unwrapping

anomalies, or other radar-specific causes. Voids have the value 0.

3.2 Incidence Angle File (.inc)

Local incidence angle is provided as 16-bit integer data in a simple binary raster. There are no header or

trailer bytes embedded in the file. The data are stored in row major order (all the data for row 1,

followed by all the data for row 2, etc.). The pixel values represent hundredths of a degree (i.e. 4321 =

43.21°).

Byte order is Motorola ("big-endian") standard with the most significant byte first. Because the

incidence angle data are stored in a 2-byte binary format, users must be aware of how the bytes are

addressed on their computers. The incidence angle data are provided in Motorola or IEEE byte order,

which stores the most significant byte first ("big endian"). Systems such as Sun SPARC and Silicon

Graphics workstations and Macintosh computers use the Motorola byte order. The Intel byte order,

which stores the least significant byte first ("little endian"), is used on DEC Alpha systems and most

PCs. Users with systems that address bytes in the Intel byte order may have to "swap bytes" of the

incidence angle data unless their application software performs the conversion during ingest.

These data also contain occasional voids from a number of causes such as shadowing, phase unwrapping

anomalies, or other radar-specific causes. Voids have the value 0.

Pathloss version 5 - Maintenance update - Build date January 4, 2011

2011-01-17T10:07:00.000+09:30

Check the build date of your current installation. Click the Help - About Pathloss 5.0 menu item.

If the build date is May 7, 2009 or newer, then use the link below to download the January 4, 2011 maintenance update.

Pathloss 5 update
This is an InstallShield installation program. The Pathloss program must be closed to run this update

If the build date of the current installation is earlier than May 7, 2009 then the update must be carried out as a new installation as described below.

Pathloss version 5 - Maintenance update using a new installation

Your existing installation must be first be uninitialized and then the program must be removed.

The following steps detail the procedure.

Start the Pathloss program

Click Configure - Pathloss program - Uninitialize program

If you were not able to initialize the program on line due to the program internet access restrictions, then select the EMail option and click the Uninitialize Program button.

You will first be prompted to proceed with the uninitialization. Once the program has been uninitialized, the dialog on the left will appear. Click the "Copy serial number and uninitialization code" button. This step copies these two item to the clip board.

Create a new Email to cte@pathloss.com and paste (Ctrl V) the serial number and uninstallation code into the EMail body.

When we receive the EMail, the licensing database will be updated for the next installation.

Note that the uninitialization procedure (on line and EMail) creates the file "pluninst.txt" in the tmp_file folder. This file contains the serial number and uninstallation code. This also can be Emailed to update the installation status

Once the program has been uninitialized, remove the Pathloss program using the Control Panel operation "Add or Remove Programs" to remove the Pathloss program.

Finally download and install the latest program build using the procedure supplied with your serial number notification

Important note to VISTA users
It will be necessary to manually delete all files in the directory

C:\Users\\AppData\Local\VirtualStore\Program Files\Pathloss 5\geo_data

before installing the complete program.

2011-01-12T11:19:00.001+09:30

Sdh3000s Mtd

TMA Status..How To Cek SWR

2011-01-12T10:56:00.000+09:30

Pushing N95 to Trnasmit more power

2011-01-05T09:49:00.000+09:30

See the attached picture.

Basically, this is a communication path from 3G Power Amplifier (PA) to power controller. When the power controller detected a low voltage from PA, it will tell the PA to rise its power through another path.

Changing the resistor with higher resistance value will drop the voltage to the controller. Thus, the controller will assume that the current power is not enough

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

If many "tuned" phones of this kind are on the same cell , UL interference would increase big deal, and you would all experience degradation of 3G services ...

I think not a good idea ... this contrl of power in 3G is even more important than it was in 2G
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
But this is the idea how to change your power control :-)

UMTS Question and answer part 5

2011-01-05T09:26:00.001+09:30

71. What can we try to improve when access failure is high?

Answer –

• When access failure is high we can try the following to improve RACH performance:

• Increase maximum UE transmit power allowed: Max_allowed_UL_TX_Power.

• Increase power quickly: power_Offset_P0.

• Increase number of preambles sent in a given preamble cycle: preamble_Retrans_Max.

• Increase the number of preamble cycles: max_Preamble_Cycle.

• Increase number of RRC Connection Request retries: N300.

72. What is Eb/No requirement for HSDPA?

Answer –

The Eb/No requirement for HSDPA varies with user bit rate (data rate), typically 2 for 768kbps and 5 for 2Mbps.

73. What HS Channels are introduced in HSDPA in L1?

Answer –

HS-PDSCH – High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel

HS-SCCH – High Speed Shared Control Channel

74. How Power Control is implemented in HSDPA?

Answer -Initial Power is set in the same way as open Loop Power control of DCH & there is no further power control on HSDPA Shared Channel HS-DSCH. The Channel Rate is controlled by adaptive modulation & coding formats.

The principles and functionality of the power control for the HSDPA associated dedicated channels are the same as for the DPCH power control.

HS-DPCCH power is an offset relative to DPCCH depending upon whether the UE is in soft handoff or not.

The Power for HS-SCCH is fixed.

75. What FIXED SF is used for HSDPA?

Answer –

SF 16, maximum of 5 codes.

76. What do you understand by CQI Measurements?

Answer – Channel Quality Estimation (CQI) for HSDPA sessions only.

In order to aid scheduling and TFRC selection in the RBS, the UE sends a channel quality indicator (CQI) report on the uplink.

The CQI report estimates the number of bits that can be transmitted to the UE using a certain assumed HS-PDSCH power with a block error rate of 10%

77. What type of Channel Coding is used for Voice and Data services?

Answer –

Voice – Convolution Coding

Data – Turbo coding

UMTS Question and answer part 4

2011-01-05T09:24:00.002+09:30

61. What could be the cause of soft handover failure?

Answer –

• Undefined neighbors

• One way Neighbor definition

• UE issue.

• Resource unavailable at target NodeB.

• Inadequate SHO threshold defined.

62. What are the three sets in handover?

Answer –

Active Set

Monitored Set

Detected Set

63. What are the major differences between GSM and UMTS handover decision?

Answer –

GSM:

• Time-based mobile measures of RxLev and RxQual – mobile sends measurement report every SACH period (480ms).

• BSC instructs mobile to handover based on these reports.

UMTS:

• Event-triggered reporting – UE sends a measurement report only on certain event “triggers”.

• UE plays more part in the handover decision.

64. What are the events 1a, 1b, 1c, etc.?

Answer –

e1a – a Primary CPICH enters the reporting range, i.e. add a cell to active set.

e1b – a primary CPICH leaves the reporting range, i.e. removed a cell from active set.

e1c – a non-active primary CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH, i.e. replace a cell.

e1d: change of best cell.

e1e: a Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold.

e1f: a Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold.

65. What are event 2a-2d and 3a-3d?

Answer –

Events 2a-2d are for inter-frequency handover measurements and events 3a-3d are for IRAT handover measurements.

e3a: the UMTS cell quality has moved below a threshold and a GSM cell quality had moved above a threshold.

e3b: the GSM cell quality has moved below a threshold.

e3c: the GSM cell quality has moved above a threshold.

e3d: there was a change in the order of best GSM cell list.

66. What may happen when there’s a missing neighbor or an incorrect neighbor?

Answer –

• Access failure and handover failure: may attempt to access to a wrong scrambling code.

• Dropped call: UE not aware of a strong scrambling code, strong interference.

• Poor data throughput.

• Poor voice quality.

• Etc.

67. How is inter-frequency Handover triggered?

Answer –

The network decides that inter frequency measurements need to be performed and sends the MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE with Measurement type set to Inter-Frequency measurements. Generally it will set an Event as well along with the measurements. The following are list of Events that can trigger Measurement Report.

• Event 2a: Change of Best Frequency

• Event 2b: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold

• Event 2c: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold

• Event 2d: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a certain threshold

• Event 2e: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a certain threshold

• Event 2f: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is above a certain threshold

The Inter-Frequency Handover Evaluation bases its decision on P-CPICH quality measures on the currently used frequency and on one or more non-used frequencies. If the evaluation result is positive, one cell on a non-used frequency is proposed to Inter-Frequency handover Execution.

Inter-Frequency Handover is a hard handover where the UE is ordered by the network to tune to another frequency. This means that there will be small interruptions in the data flow to and from the UE.

68. What kind of Handover takes place in Load Sharing?

Answer –

It’s a blind handover to the co-located cell. IFHO i.e.

69. What do you understand by IFHO?

Answer –

IFHO – Inter Frequency Handover

70. What do you understand by Directed Retry?

Answer –

When there is a co-existing GSM RAN, excess traffic in a WCDMA cell may be off-loaded to GSM

If a call is chosen for Directed Retry to GSM, the request for the speech RAB will be rejected with cause "Directed retry" and then a request is made to the core network to relocate the UE to a specific GSM cell, using the Inter-RAT handover procedure. This handover is a blind one since the target cell is chosen not based on UE measurements. Therefore, the target cell must be co-located with the WCDMA cell. Co-located GSM cells are assumed to have similar coverage and accessibility as their respective WCDMA cells.

UMTS Question and answer part 3

2011-01-05T09:19:00.002+09:30

44. Which link is required to perform Inter RNC SHO?

Answer -Iur

45. What is “noise rise”? What does a higher noise rise mean in terms of network loading?

Answer - For every new user added to the service, additional noise is added to the network. That is, each new user causes a “noise rise”. In theory, the “noise rise” is defined as the ratio of total received wideband power to the noise power. Higher “noise rise” value implies more users are allowed on the network, and each user has to transmit higher power to overcome the higher noise level. This means smaller path loss can be tolerated and the cell radius is reduced. To summarize, a higher noise rise means higher capacity and smaller footprint, a lower noise rise means smaller capacity and bigger footprint.

46. What is Pilot Pollution?

Answer - Simply speaking, when the number of strong cells exceeds the active set size, there is “pilot pollution” in the area. Typically the active set size is 3, so if there are more than 3 strong cells then there is pilot pollution.

Definition of “strong cell”: pilots within the handover window size from the strongest cell. Typical handover window size is between 4 to 6dB. For example, if there are more than 2 cells (besides the strongest cell) within 4dB of the strongest cell then there is pilot pollution.

47. How many fingers does a UE rake receiver have?

Answer – 4

48. What is “compressed mode”?

Answer - Compressed mode is a physical layer function that allows the UE to temporarily tune to another frequency, and measure the RF environment of another UMTS frequency (e.g. IFHO) or another technology (e.g. IRAT), while maintaining an existing dedicated channel

49. When in 3-way soft handover, if a UE receives power down request from one cell and power up request from the other 2 cells, should the UE power up or down and why?

Answer - UE will power down because if a cell is able to sustain a good connection with one cell on lower power level it will discard power up messages from other cells. It also helps in maintaining low interference level for other surrounding UE’s.

50. Suppose two UE are served by the same cell, the UE with weaker link (poor RF condition) uses more “capacity”, why does this mean?

Answer -The UE with weaker RF link will require NodeB to transmit higher traffic power in order to reach the UE, resulting in less power for other UE – therefore consumes more “capacity

51. Under what circumstances can a NodeB reach its capacity? What are the capacity limitations?

Answer -NodeB reaches its maximum transmit power, runs out of its channel elements, uplink noise rise reaches its design target, etc.

52. What is “cell breathing” and why?

Answer - The cell coverage shrinks as the loading increases, this is called cell breathing.

In the uplink, as more and more UE are served by a cell, each UE needs to transmit higher power to compensate for the uplink noise rise. As a consequence, the UE with weaker link (UE at greater distance) may not have enough power to reach the NodeB – therefore a coverage shrinkage.

In the downlink, the NodeB also needs to transmit higher power as more UE are being served. As a consequence UE with weaker link (greater distance) may not be reachable by the NodeB.

53. If you have 3 cells in your Active Set and a drop call occurs, which Cell a Drop call would be pegged?

Answer - Serving Cell in Active Set

54. Is UMTS an uplink-limited or downlink-limited system?

Answer – Initially, A typical WCDMA network is Uplink Limited. Later a Loaded Network becomes Downlink Limites.

55. What is OCNS?

Answer - Orthogonal Carrier Noise Simulator

56. Briefly describe Capacity Management and its functions?

Answer - Capacity Management is responsible for the control of the load in the cell. It consists of 3 main functions:

1. Dedicated Monitored Resource Handling: tracks utilization of critical resources of the system.

2. Admission Control: accepts/refuses admission requests based on the current load on the dedicated monitored resources and the characteristics of the request

3. Congestion Control: detects/resolves overload situations

57. What Resources are monitored for Capacity Management?

Answer –

DL Power

Received Total Wideband power

OVSF Codes

RBS Channel Elements

58. What Radio Measurements are used for Congestion Monitoring?

Answer –

Downlink Received Power

Uplink Received Total Wideband Power

59. Are System Information Blocks (SIB) transmitted all the time?

Answer - Yes

60. How does UE camp (synchronize) to a NodeB?

Answer –

1. UE uses the primary synchronization channel (P-SCH) for slot alignment (TS synchronization).

2. After aligning to NodeB time slot, UE then uses secondary synchronization channel (S-SCH) to obtain frame synchronization and scrambling code group identification.

3. UE then uses scrambling code ID to obtain CPICH, thus camping to a NodeB.

UMTS Question and answer part 2

2011-01-05T00:44:00.000+09:30

22. What is cell selection criterion?

Answer - Cell selection is based on:

•Qmean: the average SIR of the target cell.

•Qmin: minimum required SIR.

•Pcompensation: a correction value for difference UE classes.

S = Qmean - Qmin - Pcompensation

•If S>0 then the cell is a valid candidate.

•A UE will camp on the cell with the highest S.

23. Idle Mode Behaviour is managed by System information send on which L3 Channel?

Answer – BCH

24. How many Radio Bearers (RB) are involved in CS voice call?

Answer – 3

25. How many Service Radio Bearers (SRB) are involved in CS voice call?

Answer – 4

26. SCH channel consists of how many chips?

Answer -256 chips

27. What do you understand by DRX cycle?

Answer - The UE listens to the PICH only at certain predefined times, reducing power consumption. The periodicity of these searches is set by the system and the time interval is called Discontinuous Reception (DRX) cycle.

Different DRX cycles are used for circuit switched and packet switched services in Idle mode. A separate DRX cycle is also used to page Connected mode UEs in state URA_PCH.

28. Cell Reselection is valid in both Idle and in which Sate in Connected mode?

Answer - CELL FACH

29. Difference between PICH and PCH?

Answer - PICH-Paging Indicator Channel

PCH-Paging Channel

PICH is used to indicate UE to when it should read to S-CCPCH (Carries PCH) whereas PCH is used to carry RRC Message “Paging type 1” which contains actual Paging information.

30. When is System information sent to UE?

Answer - The system information is regularly broadcast to the UE on the BCCH. When a parameter in the system information is changed, all UE in a cell are notified by a paging message or by a system information change indication message.

31. Explain Timer T3212?

Answer -Periodic LA and RA updating is used to notify the network of the UEs availability, and to avoid unnecessary paging attempts for a UE that has lost coverage and is not able to inform the CN that it is inactive.

The periodic LA update procedure is controlled by a timer, called t3212, which gives the time interval between two consecutive periodic location updates. The value is sent by the WCDMA RAN to UEs on the BCCH.

32. Explain Near far effect?

Answer;-All users use the same bandwidth at the same time and therefore users interfere with one another. Due to the propagation path loss, the signal received by the base station from a UE close to the base station will be stronger than the Signal received from another terminal located at the boundary. Hence, the distant user will be dominated by the close user. This is called the near-far effect. To achieve a considerable capacity, all signals, irrespective of distance, should arrive at the base station with the same mean power. A solution to this problem is power control, which attempts to achieve the same mean received power for each user.

33. Name three loops in Power control In WCDMA? Explain them briefly.

Answer; - Open Loop

Inner Loop

Outer Loop

Open Loop Power control

The open-loop power control technique requires that the transmitting entity measures the channel interference and adjusts its transmission power accordingly. This can be done quickly, but the problem is that the interference estimation is done on the received signal, and the transmitted signal probably uses a different frequency, which differs from the received frequency by the system’s duplex offset. As uplink and downlink fast fading (on different frequency carriers) do not correlate, this method gives the right power values only on average.

Inner Loop

In this method the received signal-to interference ratio (SIR) is measured over a 667-microsecond period (i.e., one time slot), and based on that value, a decision is made about whether to increase or decrease the transmission power in the other end of the connection. Note that the delay inherent in this closed-loop method is compensated for by making the measurements over a very short period of time. The transmit power control (TPC) bits are sent in every time slot within the uplink and the downlink. There is not a neutral signal; all power control signals contain either an increase or decrease command.

Outer Loop

The outer loop power control functions within the base station system, and adjusts the required SIR value (SIRtarget), which is then used in the inner loop control. Different channel types, which can be characterized by, for example, different coding and interleaving methods, constitute a channel’s parameters. Different channel parameters may require different SIRtarget values. The final result of the transmission process can only be known after the decoding process, and the resulting quality parameter is then used to adjust the required SIR value. If the used SIR value still gives a low quality bit stream, then the outer loop power control must increase the SIRtarget value. This change in the outer loop will trigger the inner loop power control to increase the mobile station transmission power accordingly

34. What is SIR?

Answer - SIR is the Signal-to-Interference Ratio – the ratio of the energy in dedicated physical control channel bits to the power density of interference and noise after dispreading.

35. How many time Inner Loop Power Control happens and what type of fading it compensates?

Answer - 1500Hz and compensates Fast Fading.

36. What is BLER?

Answer - Block Error Rate

37. How is Initial RACH Power is calculated?

Answer - The initial power on the PRACH - the power of the first preamble - is determined according to equation

P_PRACH = L_PCPICH + RTWP + constantValueCprach

Where L_PCPICH is the path loss estimated by UE since it knows transmit & receive CPICH power

RTWP is received Total Wideband Power(uplink interference) measured by RBS .

constantValueCprach is used by the UE to calculate the initial power on the PRACH . This parameter is configurable and decides at which level below RTWP preamble ramping will start.

38. What power RACH message Control Part is sent?

Answer - The power of the control part of the RACH message is determined by the power of the last transmitted preamble and by a configurable offset powerOffsetPpm

39. Briefly describe why open loop power control is needed and how it works?

Answer -Open Loop power control is used when no feedback mechanism is possible. An estimate of the required power is made from measurements and system information.

This is used for initial network access and finding initial power settings during dedicated mode.

40. Explain the functionality of TPC?

Answer – During Power Control, Transmit Power control(TPC) commands are used to power up or power down based on SIR target in the step of 0.5 dB ( 1 dB if the connection is made over Iur).

41. How many types of handovers are there in UMTS?

Answer –

Soft/Softer Handover

Inter Frequency Handover

Inter RAT Handover

Core Network Hard Handover

Service based handover to GSM

HSDPA Mobility

42. Explain Soft and Softer handover? Give some advantage and disadvantage for soft handover. What is the target for soft handover in WCDMA networks?

Answer - In Soft Handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio links established with cells belonging to different RBSs. In Softer handover, the UE connection consists of at least two radio links established with cells belonging to the same RBS.

It acts as macro diversity since UE is connected to more than one radio link at any given point, adds redundancy and reduces interference.

However there is a tradeoff between soft/softer handover & system capacity.

A UE involved in Soft/Softer Handover uses several radio links, more DL channelization codes, and more DL power than a single-link connection. Consequently, if all the UEs connected to a particular RNC are considered, more resources are needed in the RBSs, more resources over the Iub and Iur interfaces, and more resources in the RNC. For this reason, the number of radio links involved in the Soft/Softer handover must be limited

A typical target for soft handover in WCDMA network is less than or equal to 30%

43. Define Active Set? Pros and Cons of having a small or longer Active Set.

Answer - Active Set consists of group of cells that takes part in soft/softer handover & measure by UE.

Typical size of Active set is 3 or 4 & generally a standard practice in all WCDMA networks.

A small active set size may provide more resources available due to less soft/softer handover but at the expense of handover gain thereby reducing the capacity & link redundancy

UMTS Question and answer part 1

2011-01-05T00:34:00.000+09:30

1. What is Significance of Eb/No? On what factors it is dependent? who provides Eb/No? What is typical Eb/No for AMR 12.2 for Node B and MS?

Answer - Eb_No is related to QOS of a service which in terms related to bit error rate. Technically it is the minimum signal to noise needed by infrastructure equipment after despreading it signal. This is a value used to compare different infrastructure vendors. Eb_No changes with the service type. Typically Eb_No for AMR 12.2 is ~ 4 db for node B and 8 dB for MS. It is infrastructure vendor (NSN) provides the Eb_No for Node B.

The Eb/N0 value is the value that needs to be reached for insuring the targeted service quality. This is the ratio between the energy per bit for the related service over the noise spectral efficiency over the whole spreading band.

The spread signal is characterized by the ratio of the energy per chip over the spectral noise density Ec/N0.

2. What effect is there on signal by spreading and dispreading?

Answer - Spreading will increase the bandwidth of a as signal. A signal of 10 Kb/s will become 40 Kb/s after spreading and will become 10 Kb/s after despreading.

The processing gain term expresses the gain achieved by spreading a narrow band signal over a wideband spectrum.

This gain is the ratio between the spreading chip rate and the actual service bit rate measured at the RLC level

3. Define Processing Gain.

Answer - Processing Gain is ratio between rate of spreaded signal and rate of non spreaded signal.

PG= 10 log (Chip rate /Bit rate)

4. What is a chip rate of WCDMA System? How much is the bandwidth required for WCDMA?

Answer: - 3840 Kc/s. FDD 5 MHZ of paired band. TDD 5 MHz only.

5. What is the processing gain for 384 Kb/s service?

Answer:- =10*Log(3840/384)

=10*log (10)

=10*1

=10

6. What is the relationship of SF and data rate?

Answer; - They are inversely proportional. Lower the SF higher the data rate.

7. What is the relationship between SF and power required?

Answer - The lower the SF, the more power required.

8. What is the relationship with SF and coverage area of different services?

Answer: - They are directly proportional. Lower SF will have less coverage area.

For example Coverage area decreases with increased throughput. If we compare 12.2 Kb/s and 384 Kb/s coverage area.12.2 kb/s coverage area will be bigger then 384 Kb/s coverage area.

9. What is the family of codes used for Chanelization in WCDMA

Answer: - Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor.(OVSF)

10. What is the minimum and maximum SF in Downlink and uplink for FDD Mode?

Answer; - Minimum of 4 and maximum of 512 chips in downlink

Minimum of 4 and maximum of 256 chips in uplink

11. What is the usage of Channelization code in downlink and uplink?

Answer;- Uplink separation of physical data (DPDCH) and control channel (DPCCH) from same terminal.

Downlink separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell.

12. What is the Chanelization code used for PCPICH (PILOT CHANNEL)?

Answer: - C ch(256,0)

13. What is a typical CPICH power?

Answer - CPICH power typically takes about 8~10% of the total NodeB power. For a 20W (43dBm) NodeB, CPICH is around 2W (35.1 ~ 33dBm).

In urban areas where in-building coverage is taken care of by in-building installations, the CPICH may sometimes go as low as 5% because:

1) The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and

2) More power can be allocated to traffic channels.

14. How much power usually a NodeB is allocated to control channels?

Answer - The power allocated to control channels may depend on equipment vendor recommendation. Typically no more than 20% of the total NodeB power is allocated to control channels, including CPICH. However, if HSDPA is deployed on the same carrier then the total power allocated to control channel may go up to 25 to 30% because of the additional HSDPA control channels required.

15. What is the usage of scrambling code in WCDMA for both downlink and uplink?

Answer; - There is only one frequency in Downlink. SC is used to separate cells. In uplink it is used to differentiate terminals.

16. How many numbers of SC codes available in Downlink and Uplink?

Answer; - Downlink 512, Uplink several millions.

17. What is the Modulation scheme is used in UMTS for voice service in Downlink and uplink?

Answer; - QPSK in downlink and HPSK (Hybrid Phase shift keying) in uplink.

18. How many slots are there in a WCDMA Frame? How big is a frame in ms. how many chips are there in a slot?

Answer: - WCDMA Frame is 15 slots wide. It is 10ms in length. There are 2560 chips in one slot.

Chip rate is 3840 Kc/s

Length of frame = 10 ms

Number of chips in a frame = 3840 *10=38400 chips

Number of chips in a slot = 38400/15= 2560 chips.

19. Give a simple definition of pole capacity?

Answer - The pole capacity is the theoretical maximum capacity of the system. In WCDMA, this capacity is only theoretical since, once reached, the system goes in an instable state that leads to its collapse. However it is still a reference for expressing the load.

The uplink noise increases with the loading exponentially. When the uplink noise approaches infinity then no more users can be added to a cell – and the cell loading is close to 100% and has reached its “pole capacity”.

Mathematically, to calculate the uplink pole capacity we need to know:

W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)

R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)

f: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 65%)

EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 5dB)

AF: Activity factor (assuming 50%)

Pole Capacity = (W/R) / ((1+f) * AF * 10^(EbNo/10)) = 120.6

To calculate the downlink pole capacity we also need to know:

α: downlink channels orthogonality factor (assuming 55%)

Pole Capacity = (W/R) / ((1- α +f) * 10^(EbNo/10)) = 64.06

20. What is typical pole capacity for CS-12.2, PS-64, PS-128 and PS-384?

Answer - With same assumptions as above:

CS-12.2k: 120.6 (UL), 64.1 (DL).

PS-64k: 34.8 (UL), 12.8(DL).

PS-128k: 16.2 (UL), 8.4 (DL).

PS-384k: 16.2 (UL), 2.8 (DL).

PS-384k has only 128k on the uplink, therefore the uplink capacity is the same for both.

21. Different Idle mode tasks UE performs

Answer -In Idle mode, the UE has no connection to the radio network

Keeping UEs in Idle mode minimizes the use of resources both for the UEs and in the network. However, the UEs must still be able to access the system and be reached by the system with acceptable delays. For this, the following procedures need to be performed:

§ PLMN selection and reselection

§ Cell selection and reselection

§ Location Area (LA) and Routing Area (RA) updating

§ Paging

§ System information broadcast

GSM RF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

2011-01-04T17:16:00.002+09:30

1.What are the three services offered by GSM? Explain each of them briefly.

2.Which uplink/downlink spectrum is allocated to GSM-900?

3.Which uplink/downlink spectrum is allocated to DCS-1800?

4.How many carrier frequencies are there in GSM-900/DCS-1800? How much is the separation between the carrier frequencies?

5.What is Ciphering? Why do we need it? Name the algorithm(s) used in it?

6.What is Authentication? Why do we need it? Name the algorithm(s) used in it?

7.What is equalisation? Why do we need it?

8.What is Interleaving? Why do we need it?

9.Why do we need digitisation?

10.Explain Speech Coding.

11.What is channel coding?

12.What do you mean by Frequency re-use?

13.What is Cell Splitting?

14.Name the interfaces between a) BTS and MS b) BTS and BSC c) BSS and MSC d) TRAU and BSC e)BSC and PCU

15.What are LAPD and LAPDm?

16.What is WPS?

17.What is MA?

18.What is MAIO?

19.What is the difference between Synthesised Frequency Hopping and Base Band Frequency Hopping?

20.What is Cycling Frequency Hopping?

21.What is HSN? How do we apply it?

22.What is DTX? Why is it used?

23.What is DRX? Why do we need it?

24.What is the gross data rate of GSM?

25.What is Erlangs? What is meant by GoS?

26.We use two different bands for GSM/DCS communications; GSM900 and DCS-1800. Which one is the better of the two in terms of quality and coverage?

27.What is TA? Why do we need TA?

28.What is meant by Location Area?

29.What is location update? Why do we need location update?

30.What is meant by IMSI, TMSI, IMEI and MS-ISDN? Why they are needed?

31.What is ARFCN? Which ARFCNs are allocated to Ufone?

32.Explain Power Control.

33.What is the difference between FDD and TDD?

34.What is an extended cell? How does it impact the system? Channels and TDMA structure

35.Why do we use Multiple Access Schemes? What is the difference between FDMA, TDMA and CDMA?

36.Which channel(s) is used for SMS?

37.Which channel is used by MS to request access to the network?

38.What is AGCH?

39.Why do we need SDCCH?

40.What is a physical channel? How do we differentiate between physical and logical channels?

41.What are TDMA frames, multiframes, superframes and hyperframes?

42.Why do we need FCCH, SCH and BCCH?

43.Why do we need SACCH?

44.What is the purpose of PCH and CBCH?

45.Do we keep BCCH on a hopping radio? Give the reason to support your answer.

46.How much delay is present between downlink and uplink frames? Why do we need this delay?

47.Explain the structure of a Traffic Multiframe. Why do we need SACCH and Idle bursts in a traffic multiframe?

48.How is a FACCH formed? When is a FACCH used?

49.What are bursts? Explain various types of bursts. Radio Propagation and Antennas

50.What is VSWR? Why do we need it?

51.What do you mean by EIRP?

52.What is Polarisation? What are the types of polarisation?

53.What is fading? What are its different types: a) Based on Multipath time delay spread b) Based on Doppler Spread?

54.What is Rayleigh Fading?

55.What is multipath fading?

56.How can we minimise multipath fading?

57.What are the different types of diversity?

58.Explain various types of Antenna Diversity?

59.Explain Frequency Diversity.

60.Explain Time Diversity.

61.What are the basic mechanisms of propagation?

62.What do you mean by Diffraction?

63.What is knife-edge diffraction?

64.What is Scattering?

65.What is FSPL?

66.What is meant by Fresnel zone and Fraunhofer zone?

67.What is beamwidth? What is the relation of beamwidth to length of antenna?

68.Define: a) Bandwidth, b) 3dB Bandwidth and c) absolute Bandwidth d) Coherence Bandwidth e) Modulation Bandwidth f) Null-to-Null Bandwidth?

69.What do we understand from the terms a) SNR b) F/B ratio? Handovers

70.What are the types of Handovers (intra-bsc, inter-msc, etc)?

71.What can be the reasons of Handover Failure?

72.What is the difference between a soft handover and a hard handover?

73.What are SYNC handovers? How are the different from asynchronous handovers?

74.What are emergency handovers?

75.What are the different types of Handovers? (PBGT, Quality, Level, etc)

76.How do we classify the handovers on the basis of decision making?

77.What are Vertical and Horizontal handovers?

78.What is “Multilayer Handoff” Strategy? What is “Ping pong effect” and “take-back”?

79.Who makes the handover decisions in GSM?

80.What is the role of the MSC in handovers?

81.What is the role of the MS in handovers? Modulation

82.Which modulation scheme is used in GSM? Explain.

83.What is the difference between PSK, ASK and FSK?

84.What are QPSK and OQPSK?

85.What is MSK? What is its application in GSM?

86.What is QAM? What is its application in GSM?

87.What is meant by PAM and PCM? What is its application in GSM?

88.Explain FDM, TDM and OFDM.

89.Which modulation scheme is used in GPRS? In EDGE? Explain/Compare. Drive Testing

90.What is C/I?

91.What is C/A?

92.What is RxQual? How do we relate it to BER?

93.What is the difference between BER-Full and BER-Sub?

94.What is SQI? Why do we prefer it over RxQual?

95.What is BSIC? Why do we need it?

96.What is AMR?

97.What can be the reasons of a Call drop?

98.What are counters? Why do we need them?

99.When do we need drive test?

100.What is cell-reselection?

101.What are C1 & C2?

102.What is call re-establishment?

103.Why do we make “short calls” and “long calls” during drive test?

104.What do you mean by CEFR and CSSR?

105.What is RSSI?

106.What is the difference between RxLev and RxQual?

107. What is the difference between FER and BER? Procedures

108.What is cell selection? How does MS select a cell?

109.Explain the call flow for MOC and MTC.

110.Handover procedures.

111.How does a MS get “registered” with the network? (Explain IMSI attach procedure) GPRS and EDGE

112.What is GPRS?

113.What is the basic difference between GSM and GPRS architecture?

114.What makes GPRS technology different from traditional GSM?

115.What are the functions of GGSN and SGSN?

116.How many coding schemes are used in GPRS? Why are they important?

117.What is the gross data rate offered by GPRS and EDGE?

118.What is EDGE? How is it different from normal GSM/GPRS?

119.How do we classify GPRS terminals? GSM System Architecture

120.What are the main components of BSS?

121.What are the main components of NSS?

122.Why do we need HLR and VLR?

123.Why do we need EIR and AuC?

124.What is RBS?

125.What are the paging limitations of a BSC?

126.What is a coupling system?

127.What do we mean by E1 and T1?

Case Study 1

Case Study: 1 km high tower in Delhi. Discuss.

Case Study 2

Case Study:

Two cells having same BCCH. Discuss.

Case Study 3

Case Study: LAC size. The whole Delhi being given one LAC VS each cell having its own LAC.

REPORT ON MASS COMMAND SOLUTION IN HLR

2011-01-04T17:13:00.000+09:30

REPORT ON MASS COMMAND SOLUTION IN HLR

The is a report on usage and advantages of the tool Gonzales which is very useful for mass command exercises in HLR with respect to O&M activities .

1 Introduction

The Tool Gonzales has been used to execute mass commands in HLR with APG and its been found very effective as the output results are much faster than the mml commands or even HGMCI Command, This can help us all in Important migrations like HLR, SCP or SDP migrations. The tool has been tested successfully in few important migrations in north.

• The commands can be checked for any possible error with different procedure options.
• The average time for executing 1 Lac mml commands is around 7 mins..
• The mass execution is always recommended in off peak hours as processor load shoots up to 30-40%.
• Error result in executing any command will be captured in the output logs and can be checked and corrected.

2 Existing difficulties in Handling Mass Command Activities
1. Executing DT’s of mml commands from normal desktops is quite time consuming. Hence all the activities involving mass change in subscriber’s profile in HLR results in either delay in completion of the migration activities or errors in running DT’s manually are found out after quite some time which may be leading to revenue loss or customer dissatisfaction.

2. Sometimes, speed of mml session becomes very slow due to more parallel sessions resulting in much time for executing mml commands.

3. To manage the multiple mml sessions in HLR sometimes

3 How we can use this for O& M Activities

We can use Gonzales and IOCMI command to run any mml command in HLR or any AXE node. The testing has been done for HLR with APG only.The complete procedure can be simply divided into three parts.

3.1 Prepare the load file through Gonzales

All mml commands which are to be executed in HLR can be captured in a CMD file. It is always recommended to put a maximum of 1 Lac commands in a single CMD file as it keeps the processor load of CP within safe limit. Following is the procedure to make loadfile from the tool

• Use the File menu and click “Open” option.

• Select the CMD file where you have kept the commands.

• The screen will show you list of three processed files as shown below

• All three file will be automatically saved where CMD file is kept.

• The load file which is without any extension (first in the list as shown above) is the actual load file which is to be used further.

• It is recommended to rename the CMD filenames as acloadfile1 and next CMD filename as acloadfile2 and so on.

3.2 Transfer the load file in AP of HLR

After selecting the Load file, the next task is to transfer the file from your desktop to CP; the following steps will cover the procedure

• Login into the cluster of the the APG using pcAnywhere.

• Open the following directory in L drive of the APG

L:\FMS\Data\tmp\

• Make a new directory in the current “tmp” folder using mkdir command

mkdir Gonzales

• This will be a temporary folder which can be deleted after the completion of the activity.

• Now using the File Transfer Application of the APG.transfer the load file from your desktop to the following location of the APG.

L:\FMS\Data\tmp\gonzales

3.3 Executing Mass Commands

The Load file which is kept in the L drive of the APG is to be shifted to CP before running this load file. But we need a temporary CP file which will be used to keep the contents of this loadfile. ; the following steps will cover the procedure

• Create a CP file by using the command cpfmkfile, name the CP file as “acloadfile”

cpfmkfile -l 512 -c acloadfile relvolumsw

• Check the contents of the file by cpfls command.

L:\FMS\Data\tmp\gonzales>cpfls –l acloadfile

CPF FILE TABLE

FILE TYPE CMP VOLUME

ACLOADFILE reg yes RELVOLUMSW
TRANSFER QUEUE MODE
RLENGTH MAXSIZE MAXTIME REL ACTIVE SIZE USERS

512 0 0 [ 0R 0W]
• Copy the contents of loadfile from L:\FMS\Data\tmp\gonzales to CP file acloadfile by using ap command cpfport.
cpfport -i -m over L:\FMS\data\tmp\gonzales acloadfile
• Check the contents again after copying by cpfls command. Make sure acloadfile1 is there in the list
L:\FMS\Data\tmp\shooter>cpfls -ls acloadfile

CPF FILE TABLE
FILE TYPE CMP VOLUME

ACLOADFILE reg yes RELVOLUMSW
TRANSFER QUEUE MODE
RLENGTH MAXSIZE MAXTIME REL ACTIVE SIZE USERS

512 0 0 [ 0R 0W]

SUBFILES SIZE USERS

ACLOADFILE-LOADFILE1 17007 0 [ 0R 0W]
• Create a mml session.
• Now when the CMD file is copied in the CP file acloadfile, the command file will be executed using command IOCMI. Refer ALEX to know the details about the different procedure options available.
IOCMI:file=acloadfile-,proc=c;
Here we’ve used procedure C while executing IOCMI command. In this option remaining commands are executed even if some commands are not accepted or executed. But in Procedure a can be used in case output printout of each command is desired.
• Output logs can be captured to check for those commands which are not executed.

4 Summary

It is now clear that this procedure of handling mass commands will help us in a lot many ways in managing the critical activities involving mass change in subscriber’s profile. Till now, we’ve tested it with APG only. IOG possibility is yet to be explored.

Pathloss version 5 - Maintenance update - Build date November 30, 2010

2010-12-28T09:47:00.002+09:30

Pathloss version 5 - Maintenance update - Build date November 30, 2010

Check the build date of your current installation. Click the Help - About Pathloss 5.0 menu item.

If the build date is May 7, 2009 or newer, then use the link below to download the November 30, 2010 maintenance update.

Pathloss 5 update

This is an InstallShield installation program. The Pathloss program must be closed to run this update

If the build date of the current installation is earlier than May 7, 2009 then the update must be carried out as a new installation as described below.

Pathloss version 5 - Maintenance update using a new installation

Your existing installation must be first be uninitialized and then the program must be removed.

The following steps detail the procedure.

Start the Pathloss program

Click Configure - Pathloss program - Uninitialize program

If you were able to initialize the program on line, then select this option and click the Uninitialize Program button. You will be prompted to proceed with the uninitialization. This step will automatically update the licensing database for the next installation.

If you were not able to initialize the program on line due to the program internet access restrictions, then select the EMail option and click the Uninitialize Program button.

You will first be prompted to proceed with the uninitialization. Once the program has been uninitialized, the dialog on the left will appear. Click the "Copy serial number and uninitialization code" button. This step copies these two item to the clip board.

Create a new Email to cte@pathloss.com and paste (Ctrl V) the serial number and uninstallation code into the EMail body.

When we receive the EMail, the licensing database will be updated for the next installation.

Note that the uninitialization procedure (on line and EMail) creates the file "pluninst.txt" in the tmp_file folder. This file contains the serial number and uninstallation code. This also can be Emailed to update the installation status

Once the program has been uninitialized, remove the Pathloss program using the Control Panel operation "Add or Remove Programs" to remove the Pathloss program.

Finally download and install the latest program build using the procedure supplied with your serial number notification

Important note to VISTA users

It will be necessary to manually delete all files in the directory

C:\Users\\AppData\Local\VirtualStore\Program Files\Pathloss 5\geo_data

before installing the complete program.

Calculator Program

2010-12-17T01:47:00.002+09:30

Instructions:

To download the Kathrein Scala Division Calculator program and run it locally from your hard drive (requires 10.51 MB) (Windows only.) :

Download and unzip the calculator file to a location on your hard drive.
Open the hard drive copy of the \Calculator directory.
Select and create a shortcut to the \Calculator\Menu Program.exe file.
Move the Shortcut to your desktop.

Note: The Kathrein Scala Division Calculator program is self contained and does NOT install any files into, or modify your Windows system.

Click here to download program as zip file.

WIRELESS NETWORKING (Part 5)

2010-11-19T17:41:00.000+09:30

Some Wireless Network Specifications

Here we will learn some technology specifications that can be used as a base reference in the development of network infrastructure without wires, whether indoor or outdoor, even MAN.

A. Fixed Wireless

is a wireless technology where the sender and receiver occupy a fixed location such as home or office. Applying this technology is MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service), LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Services), Point-to-Point Microwave, or WLAN.

A.1 MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service)

operate in the spectrum of 2.5 - 2.7 GHz with a width of 200 MHz. Throughput which can be given is 1-2 Mbps. The distance that can be taken is 35 mile from the radio port controller (RPC) which is based on the strength of signal.

A.2 LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Services)

a microwave communication systems with models of point-to-multipoint who works on a frequency of 20 GHz. Bandwidth provided to 500 Mbps. Typically used for short distances that require bandwidth high, such as campuses, companies, etc..

Example:

A.3 Point-to-point microwave

is a technology line-of-sight is very influenced by multipath and the absorption of some other object, such as MMDS and LMDS

A.4 Wireless LAN

Connection type Wireless LAN

● W-LAN Outdoor - used for connecting devices in the outdoors, follow the 802.16 standard

● W-LAN Indoor - used for connecting devices in the indoors, follow the 802.11 standard

Use of wireless technology for local networks, can follow standardization of IEEE 802.11x, where x is a sub standard which consists of:

• 802.11 - 2.4 GHz speed up to 2Mbps

• 802.11a - 5GHz speeds up to 54Mbps

• 802.11a 2X - 5GHz speeds up to 108Mbps

• 802.11b - 2.4 GHz speeds up to 11Mbps

• 802.11g - 2.4 GHz speeds up to 22Mbps

• 802.11n - 2.4 GHz speeds up to 120Mbps

802.11 MAC is known DFWMAC (distributed foundation wireless MAC). Flowchart of the algorithm is:

Here are the types of W-LAN devices

Examples of W-LAN device specifications

● Output Power

• 5150 ~ 5700 GHz

15 dBm (+ / - 2 dB) for 6 Mbps

12 dBm (+ / - 2 dB) for 54 Mbps

• 5745 ~ 5850 GHz

15 dBm (+ / - 2 dB) for 6 Mbps

10 dBm (+ / - 2 dB) for 54 Mbps

● Antenna Gain

2.81dBi Max.

● Receiver Sensitivity

Min. -67dBm for 54 Mbps @ 10% PER

Min. -73dBm for 36 Mbps @ 10% PER

● Power Consumption

520 mA at transmit mode

310 mA at receive mode

Use of specification 802.16 (wireless broadband) to the network outdoor is very expensive, so there is no harm if we also using the 802.11 specification for these outdoor networks. There a few things to note:

● Radio 802.11b only has 11 channels

● The installation must follow the rules of Line of Sight

● Requires the tower if two points are at different levels

● Use a small power should really be taken into account

● Must overcome the interference that occurs Using the PCMCIA in the computer

Using the Access Point to connect to external antenna

802.11 is used in indoor known as the HotSpot and standards WiFi

● One access point can not serve more than 50 clients

● Installation of access points should not interfere with each other frequencies (Remember: there are only 3 frequencies are not mutually stacked)

WIRELESS NETWORKING (Part 4)

2010-11-19T17:11:00.000+09:30

RF Channelling

All RF communications require a fairly small segment of the total RF spectrum is available. One segment is called the channel (Channel). To allow for multiple signals are used simultaneously, each channel requires a separate frequency with the help of FDMA. The frequency of one channel is the center frequency of a single spectrum canal. The width of the channel spectrum is called the channel bandwidth.

The use of such channel, highly depends on the type communication. In the CB radio (handy talky), using a type halfduplex, so it is quite necessary one channel only. In multi-channel systems, such as mobile phones, used for supports full-duplex type. In order to implement full-duplex, then The second channel is made in addition to the main channel, which allows two-way can dirambatkan simultaneously. Another example is the two-channel receiver in a stereo system (the left channel and right channel) FM radio. With the increasingly widespread use of RF for many purposes, then the channel utilization is considered, so that later emerged concept of frequency reuse (Frequency Reuse). Examples of the use of frequencies between the radio station in Yogyakarta with at jakarta could use the same single frequency. This probably because of the distance that had exceeded the scope of the ability of the FM signal.

On a mobile phone communication, also applied the concept of frequency reuse This, first pioneered by the AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service). Time Division Multiple Accessing (TDMA) TDMA is used to add capabilities FDMA. Each channel is divided into several time slots, where each one slot used by one user. An example is the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is a type of TDMA. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) CDMA is the latest technology for multiple access. CDMA is not divide a set of frequencies used to be several channels. CDMA gives a unique code for each signal and then combines all the signals into one large channel. CDMA wireless technology known as 3G phones because of very efficient in bandwidth usage and also very secret because uniquely encoded communications.

WIRELESS NETWORKING (Part 3)

2010-11-17T15:40:00.001+09:30

Line-of-sight

Straight path is clear of obstacles between the receiver and sender called line-of-sight. For high frequencies require line-of-sight more better than low frequency.

There are two terms

● Optical Line-of-sight, the two stations can optically see each other

● Radio line-of-sight, no reflection or

line-of-sight Calculation is necessary when you build wireless network outside the building (outdoor). You can find how to calculate Link budget for outdoor Propagation in this blog. we can used excell to provide a calculator to help you calculate radio links outdoor.

There are 4 parameters that are used to calculate the W-LAN systems outdoor work well:

● System Operating Margin (SOM), associated with strength sender, the type of antenna, coaxial cable length and distance.

As an illustration of calculation, on the 802.11b specification, the recipient (Receiver) has a sensitivity of -80 to -85 dBm. On the client side, normally we use a directional antenna, such as antenna parabola with the addition of 19-24 dBm. Loss of signal for coaxial cable between 2-3 dB. To cover the operating margin (SOM) 10-15 dB is highly dependent on type of antenna used on the Access Point. If using an antenna (Discussed next) omnidirectional with the addition of 10-12 dB, we get a coverage area of 4-5 km. If using a sectoral antenna (Directional).with the addition of 12-14 dB, we can cover 6-8 Km.

Free Space Loss (FSL): lost power after a distributed radio at a certain distance.

Example:
FSL for a distance of 5 km at a frequency of 2.4 GHz is 114 dB. Normally (by Onno W. Purbo) per distance of 1 km at 2.4 GHz will have the FSL in the range of 100dB.

Fresnel Zone Clearance (FZC), to see the need for high antenna to go through obstacle.

Fresnel Zone is an area not there are barriers between the two terminal. Usually for the 1st 80% Fresnel Zone. formula:

R = 43.3 sqrt (d / 4f)

Where:
R : Radius Freznel Zone
d : Path length 2 node

f : frequency

Here is a table FZC to 1-7 km distance to the terminal Wi-Fi operates at 2.4 GHz

Antenna bearing, tilt down the antenna and the coverage radius antennas need to know to cover an area.

Where Hb is the height of the BTS antenna and receiver antenna height Hr is and A is the angle in radians.

For example: for a BTS with a height of 30 m to cover distance of 3 km, take the angle of degrees to achieve 0:35 receiving antenna height of 10 m. In some cases we need the approximate area of coverage can be calculated by the formula:

Where H is the height of the BTS, A is the antenna tilt angle, BW is the width of coverage (beam).

For example:

to an access point with antenna height 30 m, and beam width 10 degrees with 0.2 degree angle, we will achieve the inner 150 m radius and outer radius of 8.7 km.

Antenna

The antenna is needed if we install a wireless network infrastructure for outdoor. The antenna will change from electric signals into electromagnetic signals. The amount of energy that can be amplified by the antenna on the side recipient or the sender is called the antenna gain.

Directional Antenna

antenna which amplifies the signal from the sender to dirambatkan on one or two directions. There are two categories: parabolic and phased arrays. Parabolic used for medium or long distances and can provide gain

between 18-28 dBi. Example:

Yagi Phased Array

This antenna is suitable for short distances with a gain of 7-15 dBi

● Sectoral Antenna

is a phased array type that divides the coverage area of a circle into several sectors to help the channel allocation and use of repeated. A sectoral antenna has a beam of approximately 120 degrees that divides one area of the circle into 3 areas.

By used sectoral antenna would be more efficient rather than the use of omnidirectional installation.

WIRELESS NETWORKING (Part 2)

2010-11-17T15:30:00.000+09:30

Radio Signal Propagation

In order for a wireless network to function, signals must have a path from sender to receiver, arriving with the signal strength is still sufficient to be translated. Signal strength can be measured by two units:

• dBm (decibels above 1 mW) in units of Watts or Volt
• S / N Ratio (Singnal-to-Noise) shows the ratio between the power signal and noise power. For digital signal, S / N Ratio is less than at S / N for analog signals.
Another thing to note for the propagation of radio signals is attenuation (attenuation) signals. The weakening can be affected by distance. The picture signal attenuation can be shown with light from two different sources.

Ommidirectional

Directional

The formula for converting Watts to dBm or vice versa:

Electromagnetic waves can not cut trough the earth element, likes: mountains, valleys, so the need to elevate the recipient or sender in the mountains or tall buildings.

The cause of signal attenuation is rain. A signal that has higher frequencies will have a density (wavelength) more shorter. Electromagnetic waves can pass through some objects, but also could be reflected by an object. This reflection is often called baunching or scattering. Baunching can decrease the performance of a system and can also enhance other performance. As an example of a radio broadcast signal PM could be reflected by a layer of Earth's atmosphere.

Some applications that use low frequencies to using the atmosphere as a reflector to increase the distance scope. But for high frequencies can not be reflected in layers of the atmosphere, because of the high frequency will be absorbed by the atmosphere. So for high frequencies required an artificial reflector, which called satellites. Not all obtained from bounching good result, one of them called multipath scattering in mobile communications.

Multipath Scattering is a signal that reaches the recipient of several path is the result of bounching. If the signal is received outside of the phase, then the signal is canceled. If the signal received in phase but not synchronized, will be received echo signal. Examples of applying this is CDMA (Code Division Multiple Accessing)

WIRELESS NETWORKING (Part 1)

2010-11-17T15:07:00.000+09:30

Wireless Network Is the the technology of data transmission from one point to point without physical cable, including radio, cellular, infrared, and satellite.Radio is the transmission and reception of signals with wave electromagnetic wirelessly. Electromagnetic Waves presenting all frequencies. Spectrum Radio Frequency (RF) occupies a range of 9 KHz - 300 GHz.

Wave Anatomy :

And The frequency calculate with:

A radio signal sent to a another point, the signals must be modulated into a frequency signal (carrier), which is a constant and higher frequency of the input signal frequency. Reason modulation is required:

1. For a better transmission, because the radio signals that we send mostly using low frequency
2. To allow multiple signals simultaneously transmitted without disturbing each other (interference). Read the back Frekuency Division Multiplexing (FDM)!

Analog Modulation:

Digital Modulation:

FSK is used in the 802.11 specification for modulation Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS).

Pathloss 5.0 Update Build 15 Nov 2010

2010-11-16T15:18:00.000+09:30

Pathloss version 5 - Maintenance update - Build date November 12, 2010

Check the build date of your current installation. Click the Help - About Pathloss 5.0 menu item.

If the build date is May 7, 2009 or newer, then use the link below to download the November 12, 2010 maintenance update.

Pathloss 5 update

This is an InstallShield installation program. The Pathloss program must be closed to run this update

If the build date of the current installation is earlier than May 7, 2009 then the update must be carried out as a new installation as described below.

Pathloss version 5 - Maintenance update using a new installation

Your existing installation must be first be uninitialized and then the program must be removed.

The following steps detail the procedure.

Start the Pathloss program

Click Configure - Pathloss program - Uninitialize program

If you were able to initialize the program on line, then select this option and click the Uninitialize Program button. You will be prompted to proceed with the uninitialization. This step will automatically update the licensing database for the next installation.

If you were not able to initialize the program on line due to the program internet access restrictions, then select the EMail option and click the Uninitialize Program button.

You will first be prompted to proceed with the uninitialization. Once the program has been uninitialized, the dialog on the left will appear. Click the "Copy serial number and uninitialization code" button. This step copies these two item to the clip board.

Create a new Email to cte@pathloss.com and paste (Ctrl V) the serial number and uninstallation code into the EMail body.

When we receive the EMail, the licensing database will be updated for the next installation.

Note that the uninitialization procedure (on line and EMail) creates the file "pluninst.txt" in the tmp_file folder. This file contains the serial number and uninstallation code. This also can be Emailed to update the installation status

Once the program has been uninitialized, remove the Pathloss program using the Control Panel operation "Add or Remove Programs" to remove the Pathloss program.

Finally download and install the latest program build using the procedure supplied with your serial number notification

Important note to VISTA users

It will be necessary to manually delete all files in the directory

C:\Users\\AppData\Local\VirtualStore\Program Files\Pathloss 5\geo_data

before installing the complete program.

Nokia S60V3 Applications

2010-05-21T13:08:00.000+09:30

CellTrack 1.0.9 [SIG..> 03-Sep-2009 16:09   294k  
CellTrack 1.0.9.sis     03-Sep-2009 16:09   287k

ActiveFile 1.42.1 Ma..> 03-Sep-2009 16:09   211k  
ActiveFile 1.43 RC1 ..> 03-Sep-2009 16:09   253k  
ActiveFile 1.43.1 BE..> 03-Sep-2009 16:09   219k  
ActiveFile 1.43.1 BE..> 03-Sep-2009 16:09   212k

+HelloOX 1.03.zip       08-May-2009 14:56   379k

First method.zip        08-May-2009 14:57   765k  
Modo 0.50 [FILES].zip   08-May-2009 14:57    29k

1. Procedure.pdf        08-May-2009 14:56   1.2M  
1. Quick guide.txt      08-May-2009 14:56     1k  
HelloCarbide.sisx       08-May-2009 14:56    23k  
InstallServer.zip       08-May-2009 14:56    76k  
InstsvrOnOff 3.0.3 (..> 08-May-2009 14:56    17k  
Python 1.4.5.zip        08-May-2009 14:56   593k  
ROMPatcher (autorun)..> 08-May-2009 14:56    53k  
X-plore 1.22.sisx       08-May-2009 14:56   420k  
installserver.exe       08-May-2009 14:56    37k

Old.zip                 08-May-2009 14:55   623k  
Patches.zip             03-Sep-2009 16:23   256k  
ROMPatcher (autorun)..> 08-May-2009 14:55    53k  
GSM Tracker 3.19.106..> 03-Sep-2009 16:09   314k  
GSM Tracker 3.19.106..> 03-Sep-2009 16:10   306k  
Help.zip                08-May-2009 14:38   2.3M

---------------------------------------------

 +JUST IN CASE/          08-May-2009 14:49      -  
 +OTHERS/                08-May-2009 14:54      -  
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 LightControl/           03-Sep-2009 16:10      -  
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 Metro/                  03-Sep-2009 16:24      -  
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 MobyExplorer 3.jar      08-May-2009 14:08   122k  
 Nokia/                  03-Sep-2009 16:11      -  
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 Python/                 03-Sep-2009 16:16      -  
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Intermodulation

2010-05-21T12:56:00.003+09:30

INTERMODULATION

Introduction

The INTMOD program performs harmonic and intermodulation analysis of 2 and/or 3 signals of 3^rd, 5^th or 7^th order mixing. The user enters the transmitter and receiver frequencies in MHz with their corresponding bandwidths in kHz. The user may enter the lists interactively or use a database built from a previous run.

Harmonics and Intermodulation analysis

Background

Mutual interference may occur between two circuits operating at different frequencies because of radiation at frequencies other than the operating frequencies. A transmitter may radiate harmonics of its operating frequency, which may affect a receiver tuned to one of the harmonics.

Intermodulation products result in interference, when two or more signals combine in a nonlinear device and produce an undesired signal on or near the tuned frequency of the victim receiver. The combination process can occur in the final stage of a transmitter or in the RF of first mixer circuitry of a receiver.

When the number of transmitters is increased, the number of possible intermodulation frequencies increases rapidly. The most serious of these frequencies are the third order products of the form 2f₁ – f₂or f₁ + f₂ – f₃, where f₁, f₂ and f₃ are operating frequencies of the transmitters. The interference will be most serious when all or several of the frequencies, both transmitting and receiving, are in close proximity. To minimize intermodulation, frequencies should be selected such that the frequency difference between any pair of frequencies is unlike the difference between any other pair. In some cases, the specific operating frequencies can be chosen so that no third order product frequency coincides with a receiving channel frequency at the same or a nearby site.

Harmonic Analysis Equation

The mixing of frequencies whereby the largest frequency is greater than twice the smallest frequency is not analyzed. Harmonic interference is defined below.

A f_t = f_r ± BW (2.1)

where, A is either 1 or 2, f_t is the transmitter frequency, f_r is the receiver frequency and BW is the receiver bandwidth.

Intermodulation Analysis Equations

The interference due to intermodulation is defined by the following equations. The analysis only considers in-band modulation products.

Two Signal Case

3^rd order: 2 f_t1 – f_t2 = f_r± BW (2.2)

5^th order: 3 f_t1 – 2 f_t2 = f_r ± BW (2.3)

7^th order: 4 f_t1 – 3 f_t2 = f_r ± BW (2.4)

Three Signal Case

3^rd order: f_t1 – f_t2 + f_t3 = f_r± BW (2.5)

5^th order: 2 f_t1 - 2f_t2 + f_t3 = f_r ± BW (2.6)

3 f_t1 – f_t2 – f_t3 = f_r± BW (2.7)

7^th order: 2 f_t1 – 3 f_t2 + 2 f_t3 = f_r ± BW (2.8)

3 f_t1 – 3 f_t2 + f_t3 = f_r ± BW (2.9)

4 f_t1 – 2 f_t2 – f_t3 = f_r± BW (2.10)

Need New Jobs :-)

2010-05-16T11:34:00.002+09:30

I'm ready for new job's..... and if someone can give information to me jobs related :

1. Radio Networks Planning.
2. Networks Optimizations.
3. Deployment project.

I'm able to used:

1. Pathloss 4.0 and 5.0
2. Tems Cell Planner and Investigation
3. Actix
4. Nemo analyzer and Outdoor
5. Atoll
6. Agilent
7. Map Info
8. MCOM
9. Aircom

Please contact me...Thanks for your support :-)

Line of sight antenna coverage Model (Shado)

2010-05-10T13:52:00.003+09:30

Line of sight antenna coverage Model (Shado)

Introduction

The SHADO program is a line-of-sight antenna coverage model, which can handle up to two antennas. It generates a plot of a specified area and will shade the areas that are within the line-of-sight of either antenna or both antennas. SHADO uses terrain/topographic database.

2. Analysis

Terrain profiles are generated for each antenna site. Profile analysis is then performed to determine whether the end point of each profile is in the radio line-of-sight (LOS) or it lies within the earth’s shadow (Figure 1). In Figure 1, q_n is the radio horizon elevation angle to n^th profile point. Primary objective is to determine the elevation that constitutes the limiting LOS along each profile.

Figure 1. A profile path from an antenna site

Two factors must be taken into consideration: the bending of radio waves as they propagate through the atmosphere due to refractivity and the effects of earth’s curvature with respect to the elevations. The program uses the user specified refractivity value to compute the amount of ray bending. If the default refractivity of 301 is used, a 4/3 radius earth is assumed to be correct for ray bending. Radio horizon angles are then calculated from the beginning of the profile to the end-point, which represents a grid point coordinate. The rays representing waves from the antenna site along the profile to the end point are represented as straight lines for a 4/3 earth’s radius.

If the elevation angle of the profile end-point, with respect to the antenna site, is less than the calculated radio horizon angle, then the grid point coordinate lies within the earth’s shadow (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Profile path with an end-point within earth’s shadow

For an end-point within the LOS, the radio horizon angle is that formed by a direct ray from the antenna site to the profile end-point (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Profile path with an end-point within LOS

Plots are generated where each grid point is shaded to indicate whether it is within the LOS with respect to each antenna site (Figures 4 and 5). The program generates 3721 (61 X 61) profiles along a number of equally spaced radials emanating from each antenna site to each grid point on the plot as an extension of the PROFILE program. These sites do not have to be within the area of the overlay.

Figure 4. Path 1 shows a radial with Figure 5. Path 1 end-point within

end-point within LOS, Path 2 with LOS and is clear at bin 3,7, path 2

end-point within earth’s shadow. End-point within earth’s shadow

and is black at bin 5,9.

Analysis of the profiles makes it possible to determine the grid coordinates at which signals approaching or emanating from the site will be detected on a LOS basis. This information is consolidated to produce LOS shading contours around the site, which provide a composite of the sites’ coverage, as determined by terrain features. The engineer can determine a site location with the best use of the terrain characteristics by locating the proposed antenna at each point on the grid.

3. Input Parameters

The input parameters are the latitudes and longitudes of the southwest and northeast corners of the plot area, the latitude(s) and longitude(s) of antenna(s), surface refractivity, the antenna height(s), and optionally the antenna site elevation(s). The latitudes and longitudes are expressed in degrees North and West respectively. The default site elevation is calculated from the terrain profile. The antenna heights and the site elevation can be in English or Metric units.

4.Output

The output from the program SHADO is a map, which shows the location(s) of one or two antennas and the LOS coverage by the antenna(s)

Single Emitter analysis Model

2010-05-10T13:40:00.001+09:30

1.Introduction

The single-emitter analysis model (SEAM) estimates the signal levels received at a specified propagation distance in terms of the field strength or emitter power of a single emitter. The estimated signal levels are field strength, power flux density, power and voltage. An inverse computation estimates the propagation distance required for the received signal level to meet a threshold value specified by the user.

A propagation model option is included in the package as a subroutine for path loss versus distance determination as a function of emission frequency in both direct and inverse modes. The user selects free-space or smooth-earth propagation, with the Integrated Propagation System (IPS) model representing the smooth-earth option.

The user also selects the computation mode: Direct or Inverse and the user is prompted only for those input parameters needed for the selected computation mode. In the Direct mode, the received signal parameters, such as, propagation loss L_p in dB, field strength in mV/m and dBmV/m, power density P_d in mW/m² and dBm/m², received power P_r in mW and dBm and received voltage V_r in mV and dBmV, are computed and displayed for specified emission frequency, emission level and propagation distance. In the Inverse mode, propagation loss L_p in dB and the propagation distance D in km are computed and displayed for specified emission frequency and received signal threshold selected by the user.

The user can also select Field strength E₀ at reference distance D₀ or the emitter power to specify the emission level in either direct or inverse mode. The emitter can be expressed in either equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) or the transmitter power P_t and transmitter antenna gain G_t, where EIRP = P_tG_t.

In the inverse mode, the received signal threshold can be specified in terms of one of the following: received voltage threshold V_rt, received power threshold P_rt, power density threshold P_dt or field strength threshold E_t.

2. Input parameters

The input parameters for direct mode are emission frequency F in MHz, EIRP and transmitter power P_t in W, mW, nW, dBm or dBW, transmitter and receiver antenna gains G_t and G_r respectively in dBi, field strength E₀ in mV/m or mV/m, receiver antenna diameter D_r in m, and, reference and propagation distances D₀ and D respectively in m.

The input parameters for the inverse mode include the received signal threshold instead of the propagation distance. The threshold values of either the received voltage V_rt in dBmV/m or received power P_rt in dBm or power flux density P_dt in dBm/m² or field strength E_t in dBmV/m.

The IPS model also requires transmitter and receiver antenna heights, transmitter antenna polarization and environmental data as input parameters, which are entered through a dedicated screen that includes parameter ranges and helpful suggestions. The environmental data needed are ground conductivity (0.0001– 5.0 mho/m), ground dielectric constant (1.00–81.00) and atmospheric refractivity (200.00 – 450.00). The suggested values of electrical ground constants are given below.

Conductivity (mho/m) Dielectric Constant

Average ground 0.005 15.0

Poor ground 0.001 4.0

Good ground 0.020 25.0

Fresh water 0.010 81.0

Sea water 5.000 81.0

3. Analysis

The input/output computations are performed with a set of standard units and formulas. Any unit conversion is done before or after the input/output formulas are applied. This permits the potential modification of the input and output units without affecting the set of input/output formulas implemented in the package. The EIRP is automatically derived if the transmitter power and antenna gain are specified. The receiver antenna gain is automatically derived if the receiver antenna diameter is specified, assuming a parabolic dish with an efficiency factor n = 0.55. If neither the receiver gain nor the receiver antenna diameter is given, a default value of G_r = 0.0 dBi is provided.

The input/output formulas employed in the direct and the inverse mode computations are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. Each table consists of two sets of formulas, with one set corresponding to the field strength input option and the other to the emitter power input option. The formulas assume a medium characteristic impedance of 377 ohms and a receiver load impedance of 50 ohms.

The IPS propagation model is hard wired to its envelope mode (minimum path loss magnitude) and median signal attenuation (50% path loss percentile).

TABLE 1

SEAM DIRECT MODE INPUT/OUTPUT FORMULAS

Case of Field Strength (E₀, D₀) Input Parameter

E (dBmV/m) = -27.6 + E₀ (dBmV/m) + 20 log D₀ (m) + 20 log F (MHz) – L_p (dB)

V_r (dBmV) = 2.2 + E₀ (dBmV/m) + 20 log D₀ (m) + G_r (dBi) - L_p (dB)

P_r (dBm) =-104.8+ E₀ (dBmV/m) + 20 log D₀ (m) + G_r (dBi) - L_p (dB)

P_d (dBm/m²) =-143.3+ E₀(dBmV/m) + 20 log D₀ (m) + 20 log F (MHz) – L_p (dB)

L_p (dB) = Propagation Model evaluated at D (m) in Direct Mode

Case of EIRP Input Parameter

E (dBmV/m) = 77.2 + EIRP (dBm) + 20 log F (MHz) – L_p (dB)

V_r (dBmV) =107.0 + EIRP (dBm) + G_r (dBi) – L_p (dB)

P_r (dBm) = EIRP (dBm) + G_r (dBi) – L_p (dB)

P_d (dBm/m²) = -38.5 + EIRP (dBm) + 20 log F (MHz) – L_p (dB)

L_p (dB) = Propagation Model evaluated at D (m) in Direct Mode

Note: The conversion algorithm between the two cases above is

EIRP (dBm) = -104.8 + E₀ (dBmV/m) + 20 log D₀ (m),

based on free space propagation at the reference distance D₀ (m)

TABLE 2

SEAM INVERSE MODE INPUT/OUTPUT FORMULAS

Case of Field Strength (E₀, D₀) Input Parameter

L_p (dB) = -104.8 + E₀ (dBmV/m) + 20 log D₀ (m) + G_r (dBi) – P_rt (dBm)

= -143.3 + E₀ (dBmV/m) + 20 log D₀ (m) + 20 log F (MHz) – P_dt (dBm/m²)

= -27.6 + E₀ (dBmV/m) + 20 log D₀ (m) + 20 log F (MHz) – E_t(dBmV/m)

= 2.2 + E₀ (dBmV/m) + 20 log D₀ (m) + G_r (dBi) – V_r (dBmV)

D (m) = Propagation Model evaluated at Lp (dB) in Inverse Mode

Case of EIRP Input Parameter

L_p (dB) = EIRP (dBm) + G_r (dBi) –P_rt(dBm)

= -38.5 + EIRP (dBm) + 20 log F (MHz) - P_dt (dBm/m²)

= 77.2 + EIRP (dBm) + 20 log F (MHz) + E_t (dBmV/m)

=107.0 + EIRP (dBm) + G_r (dBi) –V_r (dBmV)

D (m) = Propagation Model evaluated at L_p(dB) in Inverse Mode

Note: The conversion algorithm between the two cases above is

EIRP (dBm) = -104.8 + E₀ (dBmV/m) + 20 log D₀ (m),

based on free space propagation at the reference distance D₀ (m)

4. Output

The direct mode outputs are Propagation Loss L_p in dB, Field Strength E in mV/m or dBmV/m, Power Flux Density P_d in mW/m²or dBm/m², Received Power P_r in mW or dBm and Received Voltage V_r in mV or dBmV.

The inverse mode outputs are Propagation Loss L_p in dB and Propagation Distance D in km.

Pathloss

tems Investigation 12 (Service Control)

tems Investigation 12 (Connecting Equipment)

tems Investigation 12 (User Interface)

Tems Investigation 12 (Software Installation)

Tems Investigation 12 (introduction)

Pathloss 5 - Import links from text file

Pathloss 5 :Import sites from text file

Pathloss 4.0 Frequently ask

Pathloss 4.0 Frequently ask

Pathloss 4.0 Frequently ask

Frequently Ask Pathloss 4.0

Frequently Ask Pathloss 4.0

Pathloss 4.0 Frequently ask

Pathloss 4.0 Help tools

Pathloss 5 Revision History

SRTM Image Data

SRTM Images

Pathloss version 5 - Maintenance update - Build date January 4, 2011

TMA Status..How To Cek SWR

Pushing N95 to Trnasmit more power

UMTS Question and answer part 5

UMTS Question and answer part 4

UMTS Question and answer part 3

UMTS Question and answer part 2

UMTS Question and answer part 1

GSM RF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

REPORT ON MASS COMMAND SOLUTION IN HLR

Pathloss version 5 - Maintenance update - Build date November 30, 2010

Calculator Program

WIRELESS NETWORKING (Part 5)

WIRELESS NETWORKING (Part 4)

WIRELESS NETWORKING (Part 3)

WIRELESS NETWORKING (Part 2)

WIRELESS NETWORKING (Part 1)

Pathloss 5.0 Update Build 15 Nov 2010

Nokia S60V3 Applications

Intermodulation

Need New Jobs :-)

Line of sight antenna coverage Model (Shado)

Single Emitter analysis Model

TABLE 1

SEAM DIRECT MODE INPUT/OUTPUT FORMULAS

Case of Field Strength (E0, D0) Input Parameter

Case of EIRP Input Parameter

SEAM INVERSE MODE INPUT/OUTPUT FORMULAS

Case of Field Strength (E0, D0) Input Parameter

D (m) = Propagation Model evaluated at Lp (dB) in Inverse Mode

Case of EIRP Input Parameter

D (m) = Propagation Model evaluated at Lp (dB) in Inverse Mode

Case of Field Strength (E₀, D₀) Input Parameter

Case of Field Strength (E₀, D₀) Input Parameter

D (m) = Propagation Model evaluated at L_p(dB) in Inverse Mode